Term
| The replication of lagging strands of DNA differs from the replication of leading strands in that... |
|
Definition
| DNA is replicated as short fragments |
|
|
Term
| What kind of mutation would be likely to not affect the activity of a protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what kind of organism may somatic mutations be passed to daughter cells by mitosis? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In many eukaryotes, there are repetitive sequences at the ends of chromosomes called telomeres. After successive rounds of DNA replication, the ____ strand becomes shorter. In some cells, an enzyme called _____ repairs the shortened strand. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What data that was generated by other scientists did Watson and Crick use to determine the structure of DNA? |
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Definition
| X-ray Crystallographic Data and Information on the amounts of A, T, G, and C in DNA molecules. |
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Term
| What was used in a classic experiment showing that the genetic material could transform bacterial cells? |
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Definition
| A mixture of a heat-killed pathogenic strain and a live harmless strain caused disease in mice. |
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|
Term
| The DNA double helix is of uniform width because... |
|
Definition
| Purines always pair with Pyrimidines. |
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|
Term
| In order to show that DNA in cell extracts is responsible for genetic transformation of bacteria, important corroborating evidence should indicate that ____ also destroyed transforming activity. |
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Definition
| Enzymes that hydrolyzed DNA |
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|
Term
| A - T base pairs in a DNA double helix form... |
|
Definition
| Two hydrogen bonds with each other. |
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|
Term
| Sickle-Cell disease and hemoglobin C disease are both caused by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is required for the initiation of transcription? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four steps of eukaryotic gene expression? |
|
Definition
1. DNA is used as a template to make pre-mRNA
2. Pre-mRNA is processed to make mRNA
3. mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm
4. Ribosomes translate the mRNA message to make proteins |
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|
Term
| DNA polymerases differ from RNA polymerases in that... |
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Definition
| RNA polymerases are less effective at proofreading than DNA polymerases. |
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Term
| In eukaryotes, the first amino acid in a growing polypeptide chain is always ____ because the only codon for this amino acid is also the ____ codon. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why did the original "one-gene, one-enzyme" hypothesis have to be modified? |
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Definition
| Some enzymes are made up of more than one polypeptide. |
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Term
| Which component of transcribed RNA in eukaryotes is present in the primary transcript but is removed before translation occurs? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The mRNA codon for leucine is 5' - UUG-3', and the tRNA anticodon is... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| An alternative exon splicing means... |
|
Definition
| That an organism can make a greater number of proteins than it has genes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are typically derived from fungi and target molecular processes specific to bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| By allowing only cells that possess mutations conferring resistance to survive and multiply, antibiotic resistance... |
|
Definition
| Spreads due to natural selection |
|
|
Term
| When can gene expression can be regulated? |
|
Definition
| Before, during, or after transcription AND before, during, or after translation. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of gene is expressed all of the time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regulation of gene expression during the phage lytic cycle does NOT include... |
|
Definition
| Stimulation of transcription of the host's genes. |
|
|
Term
| An operon that is turned off unless needed is ____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The expression of the lac structural genes is ____ when lactose is absent from the culture medium and is ____ when lactose is added because lactose binds to the ____ and inactivates it. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. Are DNA regulatory elements
2. Bind transcription factors
3. Are features of eukaryotic gene regulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cores of histone proteins with DNA wrapped around them |
|
|
Term
| Positive gene regulation means that transcription ____ when a regulatory protein is bound (e.g. to the operator. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Negative gene regulation means that transcription ____ when a regulatory protein is bound (e.g. to the operator. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complete genome sequences have shown that... |
|
Definition
1. About 1.5% of the human genome codes for proteins
2. About 60% of the human genome is repetitive sequences with no function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vary among several orders of magnitude and have little correlation with organismal complexity |
|
|
Term
| L-gulonolactone oxidase, which is required for synthesis of ascorbic acid (vitamin C)... |
|
Definition
| Is non-functional in humans because the gene that encodes it has become a pseudogene |
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|
Term
| New gene functions, such as in the different forms of hemoglobin in mammals, arise primarily through what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The genetic code has ____ possible codons that code for ____ amino acids. |
|
Definition
| 64 possible codons, 20 amino acids |
|
|
Term
| An insertion of 6 nucleotides into the coding region of a gene may... |
|
Definition
| Depending on the sequence of the nucleotides, it could add 2 amino acids to the resulting protein OR introduce a premature stop codon. |
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|
Term
| Redundancy (aka degeneracy) of the genetic code means that... |
|
Definition
| Changes at the 3rd position of a codon will not always change the encoded amnio acid. |
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|
Term
| It is FALSE that tRNA has an anticodon at their 5' end and an amnio acid attachment site at their 3' end, but it is TRUE that... |
|
Definition
1. specific enzymes bind amino acids to their corresponding tRNA
2. tRNA interacts with mRNA
3. tRNA interacts with ribosomes
4. ATP is required for the charging of tRNAs with amino acids |
|
|
Term
| Termination of translation involves... |
|
Definition
| Placement of a protein release factor in the A site of the ribosome |
|
|
Term
| If an amino acid properly bound to it's tRNA is chemically changed (e.g. changing cysteine to alanine), what would NOT happen during translation? |
|
Definition
1. the ribosome would NOT recognize the amino acid carried by the tRNA
2. the tRNA would NOT be treated as a stop signal
3. the ribosome would NOT recognize the anticodon of the rRNA
4. Neither cysteine or alanine would be added to the polypeptide chain |
|
|
Term
| In sexually reproducing organisms, the diploid phase of the life cycle begins at... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. G1
2. G2
3. DNA Replication
4. The synthesis of cellular components necessary for mitosis |
|
|
Term
| After DNA replication, each chromosome has ___ molecules of DNA called ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contain the same genes but not necessarily the same alleles for each gene |
|
|
Term
| A major benefit of sexual reproduction is... |
|
Definition
| An increase in genetic variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Is the action of dividing single cells into two
2. Starts as a cleavage furrow in animals
3. Involves the Golgi apparatus in plants
4. Does NOT involve kinetochore microtubules |
|
|
Term
| Oncogenes are cell cycle regulators that are inactive during G1 so if they are mutated so that they become perpetually active... |
|
Definition
| The cell and successive daughter cells will not be able to stop dividing |
|
|
Term
| Chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate during... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An individual with three copies of a single chromosome... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chromosomal Translocations |
|
Definition
1. Move parts of chromosomes from one chromosome to another
2. May cause changes in the order of genes on chromosomes
3. May affect the expression of genes that are moved to different positions
4. Could include fusion of two whole chromosomes into one chromosome |
|
|
Term
| I diploid individual that has two different alleles for a gene is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In an individual that has two different alleles for a gene and in the absence of recombination (crossing over), meiosis results in four gametes... |
|
Definition
| Two of which carry one allele and two carry the other allele |
|
|
Term
| In organisms that are diploid during (at least) part of their life cycle... |
|
Definition
1. Reproduction is usually sexual
2. Reproduction may occasionally be asexual (clonal) in some species
3. There may be a long-lived multicellular haploid pshase in some species
4. The diploid phase my be short lived, entering meiosis soon after fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Was an Augustinian monk working in Austria in the 1800s
2. Proposed the "law" of independent assortment
3. Proposed the "law" of segregation
4. His work was largely ignored until the year 1900 |
|
|
Term
| Genes on the same chromosome do NOT assort independently, but these about gene linkage is true: |
|
Definition
1. Genes on the same chromosome are said to be linked
2. Crossing over between 2 linked genes can alter phenotypes of progeny
3. Crossing over results in recombinant phenotypes
4. Genes on the same chromosome that are far apart have a higher recombination frequency than those that are close together |
|
|
Term
| What fraction of offspring of the cross Aa X Aa is homozygous for the dominant allele? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cross AaBb x AaBb is an example of a ____ cross; the results of such crosses led Mendel to propose what we now call the law of ____. |
|
Definition
| Dihybrid; Independent Assortment |
|
|
Term
| What fraction of the offspring in the cross AaBb x AaBb would show the dominant phenotypes for both genes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A type of hemophelia in humans is a sex-linked recessive trait. If a normal male and a heterozygous female carrier mated... |
|
Definition
| All male offspring who recieve the mutant X chromosome would show the trait. |
|
|
Term
| Phospholipids spontaneously form bilayer structures, but oils form small droplets. Why do oils not form bilayers? |
|
Definition
| Oils do not have the polar head group that phospholipids have |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unidirectional diffusion of water across membranes |
|
|
Term
| In facilitated diffusion, |
|
Definition
| Specific integral membrane proteins mediate transport |
|
|
Term
| Hormones are chemical signals that... |
|
Definition
| Travel through circulatory systems |
|
|
Term
| What would happen to a suspension of red blood cells in an isotonic NaCl solution if the salt concentration of the solution was suddenly increased by a factor of 10? |
|
Definition
| The cells would lose water and shrink |
|
|
Term
| Chemical signal transduction pathways |
|
Definition
| Involve binding of the signal molecule to receptors |
|
|
Term
| The phosphorylation of proteins by ATP |
|
Definition
| Is catalyzed by enzymes known as "protein kinases" |
|
|
Term
| Specificity in signal transduction |
|
Definition
| Is provided by receptor proteins on the outer cell surface |
|
|
Term
| Some signal transduction receptors have protein kinase activity. For these receptors the result of ligand binding is... |
|
Definition
1. An allosteric shape change in the receptor
2. Activation of the receptor's kinase activity
3. Phosphorylation of an enzyme or other molecule inside the cell
4. Conversion of ATP to ADP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can move molecules against a concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
| What statement about ATP is false? |
|
Definition
| The phosphate bond energy of ATP may be transformed into light. |
|
|
Term
| Reagents, such as dinitrophenol, increase the permeability of the mitochondrial inner membrane to protons. The addition of dinitrophenol to a suspension of animal cells should over the short term... |
|
Definition
| Inhibit mitochondrial ATP synthesis |
|
|
Term
| In glycolysis, glucose is converted to ____ molecules of ____, each of which is composed of ____ carbons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The net yield of glycolysis is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results in the formation of lactic acid or ethanol |
|
|
Term
| The process of oxidative phosphorylation includes... |
|
Definition
| Production of an H+ gradient and ATP synthesis (by ATP synthase) |
|
|
Term
| Complete oxidation of glucose yields how many net molecules of ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A major product of photosynthesis that can be used in respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the chloroplasts of plants, energy from light... |
|
Definition
| Raises electrons to an elevated energy state |
|
|
Term
| In green plant photosynthesis, water is... |
|
Definition
| Oxidized to oxygen gas (O2) in the light |
|
|
Term
| Plants generate CO2 during... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An element that contains ten protons and ten electrons is likely to... |
|
Definition
| Be chemically inert (stable) |
|
|
Term
| For a covalent bond to be polar, the two atoms that form the bond must have... |
|
Definition
| Different Electronegativities. |
|
|
Term
| Water is essential to life. What physical properties of water affect life in some beneficial way? |
|
Definition
1. Cohesiveness
2. High Heat Capacity
3. High Heat of Vaporization
4. Hydrogen Bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. A polysaccharide
2. Found mainly in plants
3. Tough and Fibrous
4. NOT highly branched |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have both polar and nonpolar regions |
|
|
Term
| Unsatuarated phospholipids |
|
Definition
| Form more fluid and flexible membranes than saturated phospholipids |
|
|
Term
| All genetic variation is originally caused by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results in random changes in allele frequencies due to sampling effects |
|
|
Term
| Natural Selection will occur when there is... |
|
Definition
1. Heritable variation in populations
2. Competition among animals for resources
3. Variation affects the ability to compete for resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the fundamental unit of life |
|
|
Term
| The advantage of controlled experiments is that |
|
Definition
| All variables are held constant except for one |
|
|
Term
| The reactivity of an atom arises primarily from the... |
|
Definition
| Existence of unpaired electrons in the outermost shell |
|
|
Term
| Covalent bond formation depends on the ability of atoms to... |
|
Definition
| Share electrons with other atoms |
|
|
Term
| Phylogenetic relatedness is based on |
|
Definition
| How recently species shared a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
| The four basic kinds of biological macromolecules are... |
|
Definition
| Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds
2. Complementary base pairs include a purine and pyrimidine
3. A paired with T and G paired with C
4. The two strands are in the opposite orientation (anti-parrallel) |
|
|
Term
| Information is transmitted from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormones, Antibodies, Structural support structures, AND Enzymes |
|
|
Term
| The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary are tertiary structures are unique to particular proteins, but some simple regular repeating structures may be found in many different proteins, these are... |
|
Definition
| Alpha Helices and Beta Pleated Sheets |
|
|
Term
| Specificity of an enzyme is determined by the shape of the active site which is determined by... |
|
Definition
| It's tertiary and/or quaternary structure |
|
|
Term
| In the scientific method, a hypothesis |
|
Definition
| Is the basis for making predictions |
|
|
Term
| The organisms that produced the oxygen gas in Earth's atmosphere paved the way for the type of metabolism used by larger organisms, called ____ metabolism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membranes are fundamentally important to cells and all life because they... |
|
Definition
| Separate internal and external environments where the composition of the internal environment can be controlled. |
|
|
Term
| A major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells is that... |
|
Definition
1. Prokaryotic ells are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells.
2. Eukaryotic cells contain internal membrane bound compartments
3. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus |
|
|
Term
| As a cell size increases, |
|
Definition
1. The volume increases at a greater rate than the surface area
2. The surface area increases at a greater rate than the volume
3. Diffusion of nutrients and waste products into or out of the cell becomes less effective |
|
|
Term
| A factor that allows eukaryotic cells to be larger than prokaryotic cells is... |
|
Definition
| The presence of organelles that create separate membrane-bound internal enviornments |
|
|
Term
| The endomemrane complex in eukaryotic cells includes |
|
Definition
| The endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus |
|
|
Term
| Cellulose, starch, and glycogen |
|
Definition
1. Bind to glycerol to form triglycerides
2. All serve the same function in cells
3. Are made up of glucose monomers
4. Are found mainly in prokarotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Lower activation energy of a reaction
2. Increase the rate of reaction that would spontaneously occur without the enzyme
3. Are not consumed or altered by the reaction they catalyze
4. May be affected by temperature or pH |
|
|
Term
| In competitive inhibition of enzymes... |
|
Definition
| A molecule other than the substrate binds the active site |
|
|
Term
| In non-competitive inhibition of enzymes... |
|
Definition
1. A molecule other than the substrate binds to a site that is not the active site of the enzyme
2. Binding of the inhibitor causes a change in the shape of the active sire
3. A change in 3-D shape change prevents the substrate from binding
4. Is known as allosteric regulation |
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