Term
Introduction to Anatomy - Chapter 1
Characteristics of Life |
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Definition
Movement
Responsiveness
Growth
Reproduction
Digestion
Absorption
Circulation
Assimilation
Excretion
METABOLISM IS THE ACQUISITION AND UTILIZATION OF ENERGY BY AN ORGANISM. |
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Term
Introduction to Anatomy - Chapter 1
Homeostasis |
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Definition
The tendency to maintain a stable internal environment is called homeostasis
If an organism is to survive, the conditions within its body fluids must remain relatively stable.
Homeostatic mechanisms involve sensory receptors, a control center with a set point, and effectors.
Homeostatic mechanisms include those that regulate body temperature, blood pressure, and blood glucose concentration.
Homeostatic mechanisms employ negative feedback. |
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Term
Introduction to Anatomy - Chapter 1
Positive and Negative Feedback mechanisms |
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Definition
| If the receptors measure deviations from the set point, effectors are activated that can return conditions toward normal. As conditions return toward normal, the deviation from the set point progressively lessens, and the effectors are gradually shut down. |
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Term
Introduction to Anatomy - Chapter 1
Hierarchy of organization |
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Definition
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism |
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Term
Introduction to Anatomy - Chapter 1
Body Planes |
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Definition
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Term
Introduction to Anatomy - Chapter 1
Anatomical terminology |
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Definition
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Term
Introduction to Anatomy - Chapter 1
Cavities of the body |
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Definition
**axial - head, neck, trunk**
--dorsal cavity
+cranial cavity (houses brain)
+vertebral canal (spinal cavity)
--ventral cavity (organs inside are called viscera)
+thoracic cavity
+abdominopelvic (includes upper abdominal and lower pelvic portion, extends to the diaphragm to the floor of the pelvis. wall consists of skin, skeletal muscles, and bones. the viscera within the abdominopelvic cavity include the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and the small and large intestines. THE PELVIC CAVITY is a portion of the abdominopelvic enclosed by the pelvic bones. It contains the end of the large intestines, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs.)
**appendicular - upper and lower limbs**
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Term
Introduction to Anatomy - Chapter 1
Head Cavities (cavities of the body cont.) |
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Definition
Oral Cavity - contains teeth and tongue
Nasal Cavity - divided into left and right portions by nasal septum. air filled sinuses are connected to this cavity (sphenoidal and frontal)
Orbital Cavity - eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves
Middle ear cavities - containing the middle ear bones |
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Term
Introduction to Anatomy - Chapter 1
Parietal vs. visceral membranes |
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Definition
| Parietal membranes line the walls of an organ, and the visceral membranes line the layer that actually covers the organ. the two membranes are separated by a cavity (pleural/pericardial cavities) |
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Term
Introduction to Anatomy - Chapter 1
Organ Systems and their functions |
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Definition
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Digestive
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Urinary
Reproductive
I saw Mr. Norris eating dog rice containing lead under rabies |
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Term
Introduction to Anatomy - Chapter 1
Techniques used to diagnose disorders of the body |
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Definition
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Term
Biochemistry - Chapter 2
Elements found in the human body |
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Definition
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus (BULK ELEMENTS)
Make up 95% of the human body
(TRACE ELEMENTS)
regulate chemical reactions (enzymes)
Arsenic (TRACE ELEMENTS)
toxic in large amounts, vital in small quantities |
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Term
Biochemistry - Chapter 2
Inorganic vs. organic molecules |
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Definition
Molecules containing CARBON and HYDROGEN atoms are ORGANIC and are usually nonelectrolytes; OTHER molecules are INORGANIC and are usually electrolytes.
INORGANIC
+water is most abundant compound in cells - it transports chemicals and heat and helps release excess body heat
+oxygen releases energy needed for metabolic activities
+carbon dioxide is produced when energy is released during metabolic processes
ORGANIC
+carbohydrates provide much energy that cells need (building blocks are simple sugar molecules)
+lipids, such as fats, phospholipids, and steroids, supply energy to make cell parts; their building blocks are molecules of of glycerol and fatty acids.
+proteins serve as structural materials, energy sources, hormones, cell surface receptors, antibodies, and enzymes.
---the building blocks of proteins are amino acids
---proteins vary in the numbers and kinds of amino acids they contain; the sequences of these amino acids: and their three-dimensional structures, or conformations.
---the AA sequence determines the proteins conformation
---excessive heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals can denature proteins
+nucleic acids constitute genes, the instructions that control cell activities, and direct protein synthesis
carbohydrates |
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Term
Biochemistry - Chapter 2
Characteristics and functions of different Carbohydrates |
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Definition
CARBS (CHO)
simple carbs (sugars)
-MONOSACCHARIDES (single sugars)
three to seven carbon atoms in a CHAIN OR RING.
GLUCOSE
FRUCTOSE
GALATOSE
-DISACCHARIDES (double sugars)
have two 6-carbon units
SUCROSE (table sugar)
LACTOSE (milk sugar)
-POLYSACCHARIDES (complex carbs)
built of simple carbs.
CELLULOSE (made of many glucose molecules/humans cant digest)
STARCH (molecules consists of highly branched chains of glucose molecules connected differently than in cellulose. humans easily digest starch)
*glycogen is for ANIMALS, and is similar to starch. |
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Term
Biochemistry - Chapter 2
Characteristics and functions of different lipids |
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Definition
LIPIDS - insoluble organic molecules
TRIGLYCERIDES (fat)
most abundant lipid. provides insulation, stores energy.
1 gm fat = 9 cal
1 gm carbohydrate = 4 cal
building blocks - fat
3 fatty acids + glycerol ---> fat
joined by dehydration synthesis
saturated (bad) vs. unsaturated fats (good)
SATTTTTTURATED
H H H H
H-C-C-C-C
H H H H
single bond
solid at room temp
animal fat, palm oil, coconut oil
clog arteries
UNSATTTTTTURATED
C=C
at least one bond
liquid at room temperature
corn oil, olive oil
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
components of cell membrane
STEROIDS
no fatty acids but have sterol nucleus
ex:
cholesterol
testosterone
estrogen
progestrone |
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Term
Biochemistry - Chapter 2
Characteristics and function of proteins |
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Definition
PROTEINS - most abundant organic compound
giant sized molecules
ELEMENTS
CHON (sometimes S or P)
FUNCTIONS
catalyst (something that speeds up rxn but remains unchanged...enzymes)
energy source - last!
antibodies - immune system defense
structure - muscles, bones, and cartilage
chemical messengers - hormones, insulin
movement - muscle proteins
BUILDING BLOCKS
basic structure for amino acid
R
NH2-C-COOH
H
aa + aa = dipeptide
aa + " " = tripeptide
many aa = polypeptide
50 or more aa = protein
PROTEINS ARE 3-D STRUCTURE
hydrogen bonds b/w aa
primary strucutre
secondary structure
tertiary structure
quaternary structure - two or more chains intertwined (hemo)
protein affected by heat, radiation, chemicals...denatured (unfolds) |
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Term
Biochemistry - Chapter 2
Structure and Function of enzymes |
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Definition
ENZYMES
made up of proteins
speed up reaction process without being consumed in the procss |
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Term
Biochemistry - Chapter 2
Characteristics and functions of Nucleic Acids |
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Definition
NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA
two strands (double helix)
deoxyribose sugar
nitrogen bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)
function - genetic information
building blocks - nucleotides
RNA
one strand
ribose sugar
nitrogen bases (adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine
function - codes for proteins
building blocks - sugar - nitrogen base PO4 |
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