Term
| What is the enzyme that is responsible for the unwinding of the DNA double-helix? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a single strand of DNA composed of? |
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Definition
| 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the pyrimidines? |
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Definition
| Cytosine, Thyamine, Uracil |
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Term
| What pyrimidine occurs only in DNA? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What pyrimidine occurs only in RNA? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What would be another classification of pyrimidines and purines? |
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Definition
| Nitrogenous bases, components of DNA |
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Term
| What type of bonds holds single strands of DNA together? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is the location of the phophodiester bond? |
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Definition
| The phosphate groups of DNA/RNA |
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Term
| True or False: The phosphodiester bonds can happen anywhere along the DNA/RNA molecule. |
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Definition
| False; They are linked together at the 5' phosphate group and the 3' hydroxyl group |
|
|
Term
Put these nitrogenous bases together:
A; C; G; T; U |
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Definition
| A goes with T in DNA and A goes with U in RNA; C goes with G with RNA and DNA. |
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Term
| What bonds holds the two strands of DNA together? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Why are hydrogen bonds used instead of, say, covalent bonds when linking the two strands of DNA together? |
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Definition
| Because hydrogen bonds are easily broken and the DNA strands are constantly being "unzipped" and connected again. |
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Term
| How many hydrogen bonds are formed between Adenine and Thymine? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How many hydrogen bonds are formed between guanine and cytosine? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| True or False: the configuration of the DNA strands are very specific. |
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Definition
| True: They form in an anti-parallel configuration. One strand is situated from 5' to 3' and the other strand is put together in the opposite: 3' to 5'. |
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Term
| In what way is translation in eukaryotes different than prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| There are two sites where translation occurs in eukaryotes because the RER we may want to modify the protein before sending it out. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| blocks of information that codes for amino acids (each codon "codes" for a specific amino acid) |
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Term
| If “A” represents the dominant allele of a gene and “a” represent the recessive form of the same gene, what would be a homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive and heterozygous individual? (name them) |
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Definition
Homozygous dominant: AA
Homozygous recessive: aa
Heterozygous: Aa |
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Term
| Polygenic inheritance can result in traits that show graded degrees of difference; for example, skin color, which exhibits a broad range of variations between “light-skinned” and “dark-skinned” individuals. These traits are known as: |
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Definition
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Term
| The enzyme that keeps DNA from supercoiling during DNA replication is: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The ability of DNA polymerase I to chew away at RNA before it replaces it with newly synthesized DNA is known as its _____________ ability. |
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Definition
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Term
| The strand of DNA that is NOT used to synthesize mRNA during Stage I of gene expression is known as the ________ strand. |
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Definition
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Term
| The strand of DNA that is used to synthesize mRNA during Stage I of gene expression is known as the ________ strand. |
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Definition
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Term
| The release factors that bind to the mRNA stop codon during the protein synthesis stage of gene expression are made of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the formation of the DNA double-helix in regards to the direction of its two strands |
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Definition
| The two strands form a double-helix in which each strand is antiparalle to the other strand |
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Term
| True or false: different codons can "code" for the same amino acid. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is DNA replication known as semi-conservative? |
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Definition
| Because the progeny conserves half of the original DNA molecule |
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Term
| Name the three primary steps of DNA replication (transcription): |
|
Definition
1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination |
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Term
| True or False: Initiation occurs at any site along the DNA double strand. |
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Definition
| False. Although initiation does occur in several places, it always occurs at the originals of replication site. |
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|
Term
| Replication always initiates at a ________ origin. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When speaking of initiation (during transcription), what can be said about its direction? |
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Definition
| It is bi-directional. Two separate replisomes are loaded onto the origin and initiate synthesis in the opposite direction of the chromosome. |
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Term
| Why do the initiator proteins tend to unzip the sequences of nucleotides A-T? |
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Definition
| Because there are only 2 hydrogen bonds between A-T that can be easily unzipped. |
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Term
| What amino acid does the start codon AUG code for? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the enzyme that actually matches the exisiting DNA bases with complementary nucleotides and then links them together to make a new strand? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do all DNA polymerases have in common? |
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Definition
| They all synthesize in a 5' to 3' direction |
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|
Term
| What do all DNA polymerases require to begin? (transcription) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the initiator complex include? (in transcription) |
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Definition
| It includes initiator tRNA, small ribosomal subunit and mRNA |
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Term
| Where does RNA polymerase bind to? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does transcription take place in prokarytoes and eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
Pro: cytoplasm
Euk: nucleus |
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Term
| Describe the process of transcription. |
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Definition
| Where an exact copy is made of the information in DNA |
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Term
| During what process of transcription does a transcription bubble form? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the process of elogation (transcription). |
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Definition
| RNA transcript is synthesized by RNA polymerase in the 5' to 3' direction and DNA is wound back behind it (forming a transcription bubble). |
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Term
| What is the central dogma of molecular biology? |
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Definition
| The flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein |
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|
Term
| When does replication occur? |
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Definition
| Right before mitosis/meiosis |
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Term
| DNA sequences called ________ cause transcription to stop and RNA polymerase releases DNA. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| During what step of transcription is the RNA strand released? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the RNA strand that has been transcribed and released? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the process of translation. |
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Definition
| Translating the message in the nucleic acid into a protein. |
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Term
| Name the RNA that directs the process of translation. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is needed as a "go-between" in translation. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of tRNA? |
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Definition
| to bring amino acids to the ribosome |
|
|
Term
| Where does translation occur? |
|
Definition
| Within the ribosomes (cytoplasm in both euk. and pro.) |
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|
Term
| Before translation in eukaryotes, what usually occurs? |
|
Definition
| modification of the primary transcript |
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Term
| True or False: the stop codon bonds to tRNA in the ribosome. |
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Definition
| False, the stop codon always binds to a protein (the release factor). |
|
|
Term
| After termination, what happens to the ribosome? |
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Definition
| it disassembles and the new protein is released. |
|
|
Term
| True/ False: there is such a thing as stop tRNA |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of helicase? |
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Definition
| To unwind the two strands in the double helix facilitate DNA synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of DNA gyrase? |
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Definition
| to relieve the torsional strain caused by the unwinding of the DNA strands. |
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Term
| What enzyme is required to do its job of synthesizing primers of RNA so that DNA polymerase can start synthesis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What creates a problem during DNA replication (in regards to the strands of DNA)? |
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Definition
| The lagging strand is situation from 3' to 5' and polymerase can only replicate in the 5' to 3' direction. |
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|
Term
| What is the term for the sections of replicated DNA on the lagging strand? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What attaches to the single stranded DNA molecule to stabalize the open bubble? |
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Definition
| Single-stranded binding proteins. (SSB) |
|
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Term
| Why is it so important that SSBs bind to the single "open" DNA molecules? |
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Definition
| Because the DNA molecules have a natural tendency to want to "re-bind" and the SSBs prevent this from occurring. |
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|
Term
| Where does the "DNA replication machinery" assemble? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| With what enzyme is the replication bubble opened further? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme removes the primer which fills the previously vacant region between the okazaki fragments? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is responsible for joining adjacent okazaki fragments? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name various ways in which DNA may be damaged? |
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Definition
| Errors in DNA replication and environmental factors, such as radiation, UV light, X-rays, and toxins. |
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|
Term
| True or False: DNA repair can be either specific or non-specific. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name a specific type of repair mechanism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is a specific type of repair that deals with DNA. It repairs damage caused by UV light. |
|
|
Term
| Name a nonspecific type of repair of DNA |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a damamged region of DNA is removed and replaced by DNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
| True or False: DNA unzipping requires energy. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA polymerase III performs what action? |
|
Definition
| copies the newly separated DNA strand |
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme adds DNA in between the two RNA primers? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which polymerase replaces the RNA with DNA on the lagging strand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of bond does DNA ligase form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does DNA ligase form the bond on the lagging strand during DNA synthesis? |
|
Definition
| between the 3' OH and the 5' phosphate in front of it. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Polymerase I is the only polymerase involved in DNA repair |
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Definition
| False: all of them are involved. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of DNA ligase? |
|
Definition
| it is responsible for the formation of the phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides in DNA |
|
|
Term
| What is another way of describing the replisome? |
|
Definition
| It includes all of the mechanics, enzymes and processes of DNA replication. |
|
|
Term
| What is another term for the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transcription involves transcribing a gene into a ________ molecule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two sites in DNA that are required for accurate initiation of transcription to occur? |
|
Definition
| Promoter and terminator sites |
|
|
Term
| What links the Okazaki fragments? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What replaces the RNA primer with DNA on the lagging strand? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What protects degradation and initiates translation (only occurs in eukaryotes)? |
|
Definition
| a cap of ATP or GTP placed at the 5' end and a poly-A is placed at the 3' end |
|
|
Term
| What is the non-coding sequence in the primary transcript called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the coding sequence in the primary transcript called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the break in the code in the primary transcript? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes DNA and mostly functions in DNA replication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main one in replication, which synthesizes DNA in both the leading and lagging strand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes DNA, but its main role in replication is to replace the RNA primers made by Primase with new DNA (mostly in the lagging strand since it is made up of the Okazaki fragments and there are a lot of primers left in there). The primer removal ability is known as “exonuclease” ability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used in DNA repair? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A version of RNA polymerase known as ________ makes RNA primers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What exactly are RNA primers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose RNA polymerase? |
|
Definition
| it makes RNA and is the main enzyme functioning in gene expression, mainly during transcription |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one gene product effects the first gene product that is expressed (pigment of the lab fur color) |
|
|
Term
| During replication, what is the primary action that DNA polymerase performs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another word for the action of DNA polymerase "eating" the RNA primer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What purpose does DNA ligase serve? |
|
Definition
| It makes the phosphodiester bonds needed in the lagging strand that DNA polymerase cannot make |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one gene with many traits (ex: you may have rabbits with genes that are coding for eye color and they may all die in the laboratory because that same gene actually keeps them alive....) |
|
|
Term
| True or False: translation and transcription in prokaryotes happen at a much slower rate than in eukaryotes |
|
Definition
| False. DNA replication in prokaryotes happens at a much faster rate. |
|
|
Term
| True/ False: eukaryotes and prokaryotes have the same number of RNA polymerases. |
|
Definition
| False. Prokaryotes have one that makes both mRNA and tRNA, eykaryotes have three that each have specific jobs. |
|
|
Term
| During what process can RNA polymerase been seen doing its job? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What particle recognizes intron-exon junctions? |
|
Definition
| small nuclear ribonuleoprotein particles (snRNPs) -----snurps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Because it forms bonds within itself. |
|
|
Term
| Which end of the tRNA molecule attaches to amino acid? |
|
Definition
| The acceptor stem; the 3' end |
|
|
Term
| Which end of tRNA forms base pairs with codons in mRNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: when an amino acid is attached to the the tRNA molecule, energy is required. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme that attaches amino acids to tRNAs in the "charging reaction"? |
|
Definition
| aminoacyl-tRNA synthestases |
|
|
Term
| In the charging reaction, which attaches first to the enzyme, the amino acid or the tRNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "E" site named for in the ribosome? |
|
Definition
| Exit site where the tRNA "leaves" the ribosome after attaching its amino acid. |
|
|
Term
| In the ribosome, which site is always "avaliable" for more tRNA to arrrive? |
|
Definition
| the "A" site (aminoacyl site) |
|
|
Term
| True/False: during translation mRNA moves along the process |
|
Definition
| False, the ribosomal subunits move which requires ATP |
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