Term
|
Definition
| A biomolecule with polar heads and nonpolar tails are made into a micelle to keep the nonpolar hydrophobic tail away from the water molecule. |
|
|
Term
| One of the factors causing ATP hydrolysis to be so exergonic. |
|
Definition
The products of ATP hydrolysis are more stable than ATP because of resonance hybridization.
Hydrolysis of ATP reduces electrostatic repulsion. |
|
|
Term
| The 1st Law of Thermodynamics. |
|
Definition
| Energy is neither created nor destroyed. |
|
|
Term
| Which are larger, prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TorF: If a molecule loses hydrogen it can be considered to have been oxidized. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of enantiomer of amino acids is used to make protiens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 2 major factors determining the buffering capacity of a buffer. |
|
Definition
1. Concentration
2. H+: HA ratio |
|
|
Term
| Define primary structure of a protein. |
|
Definition
| The amino acid sequence (genetic information). |
|
|
Term
| The bond linking amino acids in a protein is known as a ____ bond. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List 2 of 4 major classes of small biomolecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If deltaG for A->B is -2.3kJ/mol, and deltaG for B->C is 1.8kj/mol, is A->C spontaneous? |
|
Definition
| Yes it is spontaneous. deltaG < 0 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin is enhanced if pH decreases. |
|
|
Term
| The inhibition of a pathway by its product is known as ___ inhibition. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are major characteristic of life? |
|
Definition
Cellular
Information Based
Complex and Dynamic
Adapts and Evolves
Organized and Self-Sustaining |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary buffering system of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List a way to denature a protein. |
|
Definition
| Add extreme salt concentration. |
|
|
Term
| Is the hydrophobic effect primarily caused by changes in enthalpy, entropy, or both? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TorF: Prokaryotes have nuclei. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A molecure that can act as both an acid and a base. |
|
|
Term
| What is the distinction between anabolic and catabolic pathways? |
|
Definition
Anabolic pathways create large molecules from smaller ones.
Catabolic pathways degrade large molecules to form smaller ones. |
|
|
Term
| List 2 of the 8 functions described in class for proteins. |
|
Definition
| Metabolism and Nutrients. |
|
|
Term
| TorF: Water has an unusually low boiling point. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Write the equation for the Gibbs free energy change. |
|
Definition
| deltaG = deltaH - TdeltaS |
|
|
Term
| Which of is on average the strongest bond? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List an amino acide with a polar side chain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TorF: The number of reactions of central importance in biochemistry is relatively large. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polar heads with nonpolar tails surrounded by pentagonal water molecules. |
|
|
Term
| A titration curve for an amino acid without an ionizable side chain has how many pKa's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TorF: ATP serves as an intermediate in the flow of free energy from endergonic pathways to exergonic pathways. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino acids, once incorporatied into proteins, are known as amino acid ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are primary functions of metabolism? |
|
Definition
Growth and development
Synthesis of molecules
Removal of waste products
Membrane transport |
|
|
Term
| What type of weak chemical interation is most responsible for the formation of an alpha-helix? |
|
Definition
| The alpha-helix is formed in the secondary structure by hydrogen bonding, allowing the hydrophobic parts to get away from the water. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid? |
|
Definition
A strong acid has a very low pH and a conjugate weake base.
A weak acid has a pH closer to 7 and is the conjugate of a strong base. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucose -> Pyruvate -> Lactate -> Pyruvate -> Fructose-6-Phosphate -> Glucose again. From the liver to the muscles. |
|
|
Term
| A carbohydrate with an aldehyde functional group is known as an ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pathway that has both anabolic and catabolic processes. |
|
|
Term
| Writhe the Michaelis-Menten equation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List 2 mechanisms of enzyme regulation. |
|
Definition
| Allosterism and Gene Regulating. |
|
|
Term
| N-linked oigosaccharides are attached to proteins through what type of amino acid side chain? |
|
Definition
| The amide group of asparagine. |
|
|
Term
| If the y-intercept on a Lineweaver-Burk plot is 0.5, what is the numerical value of the Vmax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does glucagon have on glycogen phosphorylase activity in the liver? |
|
Definition
| Glucagon increases the glycogen phosphorylase activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A catalyst lowers the free energy of activation in a reaction and speeds the reaction. |
|
|
Term
| TorF: All enzymes have a pH optimum of 7. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Write the overall reaction of glycolysis. |
|
Definition
| D-glucose + 2ADP + 2NAD+ + 2Pi -> 2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H2O + 2H+ |
|
|
Term
| A sigmoidal v vs. [S] plot is indicative of an ___ enzyme. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TorF: When citric acide cycle activity decreases, citrate is transported from the mitochondrion to the cytoplasm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Write the reaction catalyzed by PDH complex. |
|
Definition
| pyr(cyto) -> pyr(mito) + NAD+ + CoASH --PDH Complex--> acetylCoA + NADH + CO2 + H+ |
|
|
Term
| THe free energy of the transition state of a reaction is known as the ___ energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the monosaccharides found in maltose, and what is their glycosidic linkage? |
|
Definition
2 D-Glucose molecules
Linkage: alpha (1,4) |
|
|
Term
| The location on an enzyme where catalysis occurs is known as the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the linear form of starch called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List an allosteric regulator of PFK-1. |
|
Definition
| Fructose 2,6 Bisphosphate. |
|
|
Term
| TorF: Fructose is converted in the liver into glycolytic intermediates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alpha and beta designations are used to distinguish between what types of stereoisomers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List 2 of the 6 classes of enzymes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mathematical definition of Km? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TorF: Branching enzyme is involved in glycogenesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The following Lineweaver-Burk plot is indicative of what type of enzyme inhibition? (Increasing I) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of membrane transport does not require ATP hydrolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List 2 pieces of evidence supporting the chemiosmotic theory. |
|
Definition
Respiring mitochondria expels protons.
Substances that inhibit ATP synthesis also dissipate the proton gradient. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of biological membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acetone and Aceto acetate. |
|
|
Term
| What is the shorthand notation for the following shorthand notation: CH3...13 times... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which complex of the electron transport chain uses O2 as a substrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the drawback to the glycerol phosphate shuttle? |
|
Definition
| It dissipates it's ability to produce ATP. |
|
|
Term
| What lipoprotien is secreted by the liver as a means of transporting lipids to the tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Write the reaction for the biosynthesis of palmitate. |
|
Definition
| 8Acetyl-CoA + 14NADPH + 14H+ + 7ATP -> Palmitate + 14NADP+ + 7ADP + 7Pi + 8CoASH + 6H2O |
|
|
Term
| TorF: Both the electrical potential (charge imbalance) and the proton gradient (H+ concentration imbalance) represent free energy that can be used for ATP synthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ch2-O-C(db to O)-R'
Ch -O-C(db to O)-R"
Ch2-O-C(db to O)-R"' |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is absorbed by intestinal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what part of the cell does fatty acid biosynthesis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is HMGCoA reductase activated or inactivated by phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cell membrane is primarily a ___ bilayer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not usually found as a component of mammalian cell membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Write the 4 steps of beta-oxidation. |
|
Definition
Dehydrogenation
Hydration
Oxidation
Cleavage |
|
|
Term
| What carries electrons from complex III to complex IV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins that are embedded in or span a cell membrane are known as ____ membrane proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what parts of the cell does cholesterol biosynthesis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TorF: Aspirin inhibits formation of at least some eicosanoids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which complex of the electron transport chain does not pump protons out of the mitochondrion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TorF: Chylomicrons scavage excess cholesterol and return it to the liver. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is hormon-sensitive TAG lipase in adipocytes activated or inactivated by phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does malonylCoA inhibit beta-oxidation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The following structure is characteristic of what specific class of lipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can H+ ions cross the inner mitochondrial membrane without any help? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do cis or trans double bonds predominate in naturally-occurring fatty acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATPs are produced per glucose aerobically? |
|
Definition
|
|
