Monoculture

An agricultural practice of growing large strands of a single species

Seed Banks

Protecting genetic diversity

Bioversity enhances human food security becuase

A potential source of new food items or new genetic varieties  of existing foods

Prehistoric Agriculture

The time between the beginning of agriculture and the development of writing and historical documentation.

Prehistoric people- demesticated animals and cultivated crops

Artificial Selection

Humans breed plants and animals in order to obtain desired traits, they are carrying off the process

Fungi reproduce by means

Spores

Mycorrhizae

Symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant root

In a mycorrhizal association

the plant provides sugars to the fungus

The potato family

is the source of many drugs, has several poisonous members, and provides fruit and vegetable crops

In legumes, symbiotic associations with nitrogen fixing bacteria provide reduced nitrogen to plants

TRUE

Chili peppers and tomatoes are in the same family of plants

TRUE

Mint family spices/herbs carry flavors mainly in

Leaves

The defensive compound produced by plants can be used as medicines

TRUE

All cerals grains are grasses

FALSE

The main stimulating agent in tea and coffee is theophylline

FALSE

Theobromine is a mild stimulant present in chocolate

TRUE

Main method of commerical Vanilla flower pollination

By hand

Recombinant DNA

Is the merging the DNA from unrelated organisms to create new genetic varieties

GM Crops

The US leads the worls in land area dedicated to GM crops

BT crops

Have been given bacterial gene that gives chemical protection against pests

Monoculture, the practice of planting large areas with a single crop ____

is a development of industrial agriculture

Subsistence Agriculture

Agriculture where a farming family produces only enough food for themselves

During the past half century, global food production has ___ world population growth

Grown at a faster rate than

Cycads

gymnosperms that superficially resemble palms or tree ferns

Green revolution techniques

have increased crop yields but may not be sustainable

Normal Borlaug, pioneered the development of

high-yield wheat

The consequences of overfertilizing

Euthrophication and dead zones in nearby aquatic ecosystems

Main function of stems

support, conduction, and the production of new stem issue

Primary growth is an increase in the length of a plant and occurs at

apical meristems at the tips of stem and root

The lenticel allows for

gas exchnage in the stem

The vascular bundles of herbaceous dicot stems are

arranged in a ring around the pith

The epidermis

provides protection

Pith

found in a eudicot, but NOT in a monocot stem

Monocot stem vascular bundles are arranged

scattered throughout the stem

Vascular Cambium produces

secondary xylem and secondary phloem

Secondary growth, the "wood" is

secondary xylem

Secondary growth, the "wood" is

secondary xylem

The annual rings that form in trees living in the temperate part of the wood are the result of

seasonal differences in secondary xylem growth rates

Tuber

Fleshy underground stem used for carbohydrate storage

The age of a tree in the temperate zone can be determined by counting its annual rings

TRUE

Stomata of the stem epidermis are placed by lenticels in the bark

TRUE

Biennials live ___ years

2

Tap root

One main root very deeply into the soil in order to obtain deep, underground water.

Functions of a root

absorb dissolved monerals from the soil

anchoring the plant in place

hold soil in place preventing soil erosion

storing nutrients in ordder for a biennial to survive the winter

The function of the root hairs

absorption

Endodermis

Tissue has a Casparian strip

Bulbs and corns use ___ to pull themselves deeper into the soil

contractile roots

pneumatophores

aerial "breathing" roots

A taproot system consists of one main root with many smaller lateral growing out of it

False

sclerenchyma cells

thickest cell wall

parenchyma cells

cell that can be used for photosynthesis

The xylem conducts...

water from the roots to the rest of the plant

The phloem conducts...

dissolved sugars from the leaves not the rest of the plant

Epidermis

Find guard cells and stomata

The main function of the cuticle

prevention of water loss from aerial parts

Specislized cells surrounding the stomata are called____

guard cells

Secondary growth increases the ___ of the plant

girth

When a photn of light is absorbed by a pigment, the pigment...

absorbs energy

Chloroplasts

an organelle contains the photosynthetic pigments

What colors of light does the chorophyll absorb?

blue and red

Respiration takes place in which organelle?

Mitochondria

The light-depending reactions of photosynthesis occur in the ___

thyakoid membranes

ATP and NADPH

two energy-carrying compounds that are obtained from the energy-capturing reactions of photosynthesis that supply energy to "run" the Calvin cycle

Plasma membrane

outmost structure of the cell

Nucleus

part of the eukaryotic cell directs the metabolic activities of the cell

Mitochondrion

a structure that converts to energy in food molecules into a form of energy that the cell can use

The large, membrane-bounded sac used for storage within plant cells

vacuole

Gymnosperms are flowering plants

FALSE

Brassicacceae or the mustard family, is a group of common local weeds known fir having 6 stamens and 4 petals

TRUE

Communication can take place between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells through...

plasmodesmata

cell wall

plasma membrane

vacuole membrane

Phototropism

directional growth of a plant in reponse to light

Tropism

a permanent change in position of a plant part in response to external stimuli

Twining of tendrils is an example of

thigmotropism

Fruit growers have to be careful to keep the levels of __ low around their fruits in order to slow the ripening process

ethylene

Example of K-selected species

elephant

A species that exhibits exponential growth would mostly likely

have alot of offspring frequently

Carrying capacity

total number of individuals an environment can support

Dominance

Occurs when an inherited trait is coded for by a single gene and that gene has two versions, or alleles

Heterozygous

refers to a pair of genes where one is dominant and one is recessive

Homozygous

matching alleles, which are the two genes that control a particular trait

Core basis in DNA

amino acids and peptide bond

Artifical Selection

the breeding of plants and animals to produce desirable traits

Natural Selection

organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and producee more offspring

How to determine a species

species envolve and over time populations  change, diverge and lineage split into new species

Geographic barriers

oceans and mountains that seperate two populations of the same species. The populations will slowly evolve differently until they can no longer interbreed

Endemic Species

a species being unique to a defined gepgraphic location

How humans played a part in extinction

deforestation and climate chnage

6 mass extinctions

End Ordovician

Late Devonian

End Permian

End Triassic

End Cretaceous

Indusrial revolution

R vs. K

r: unstable environment, density independent

K: stable, dependent

Theory of Island

anything that is isolated

Climate Change

Tundra: lack of water and vegetation

Perma: frost-melting

Grasslands: temperate/highly productive

Woodland: savanna/rainfall

Costal: most endangered

Temperate: arid/water