Aristotle

Most associated with the ancient greek world view

Aristarchus

Rejected the geocentric world view

Ptolemy

Algamest; book that put all of the ideas in one place.

Geocentric

Earth is the center of the solar system

Heliocentric

Sun is the center of the solar system

Copernicus

Had the heliocentric wold view

Tycho Brahe

Last astronomer without a telescope. Provided Kepler with the data needed to develop three laws

J. Kepler

Three laws of planetary motion

Galileo

used a telescope and challenged the conventional wisdom of the motion of objects and nature of the heavens

Galileo's telescope observations:

phases of Venus

Moons of jupiter

Sunspots

mountains on the moon

Newton

Three Laws of Motion and universal law of gravity

Universal Law of Gravity

every massive particle in the universe attracts every other massive particle with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Velocity of Light

Frequency*Wavelength

What type of wave is Light

Electromagnetic

Long wavelength to short

Radio, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma-ray

Blackbody

idealized object that absorbs all electromagnetic radiation

Wien's Law

the hotter the object the bluer the color  and smaller the wavelength

Stefan's Law

As you heat an object, it becomes brighter and brighter

Continuous Spectrum

ex. rainbow(energy of all wavelengths) 

Most continuous spectra are from hot, dense objects like stars, planets, or moons.

Emission Line Spectrum

Bright Lines

Absorption Line Spectrum

Dark Lines

Kirchhoff's Laws

   A hot solid, liquid or gas, under high pressure, gives off a continuous spectrum.

   A hot gas under low pressure produces a bright-line or emission line spectrum.

A dark line or absorption line spectrum is seen when a source of a continuous spectrum is viewed behind a cool gas under pressure.

Doppler Effect

^-                (the speed/ velocity of the star towards you or away from you); measures the radial velocity of an object; due to the wave nature of light

-blue shift is toward, red shift is away

5500kg/m³

Average density of the earth

Earth's core

6000K temp

Iron rich core

highest density

Earth's Atmosphere

Nitrogen- 78%, Oxygen- 21%

3300kg/m³

average density of the moon

synchronous rotation?

The moon

Thin crust on earth side, thick crust on far side

crust of the moon

impact cratering

present on the moon

Maria

Highlands on the moon

5400kg/m³

Density of Mercury

Resonance Rotation

Mercury's rotation

Mercury's Core

cool and iron rich

Caloris Basin

Large impact crater on Mercury

Jumbled terrain

unusual formation on opposite side of the planet from caloris basin on Mercury

Intercrater Plains

Smoothed surface regions possibly from lava flow on Mercury

Scarps

Huge cliffs on Mercury

Planet with no moons, and no atmosphere

Mercury

5300kg/m³

Density of Venus

Retrograde Rotation

Rotation of Venus

Maxwell Montes

Largest Mountain on Venus

Aphrodite Terra

Largest highlands on Venus

Isthar Terra

Highlands on Venus

Beta Regio

Shield Volcanoes on Venus

Constant cloud cover and Sulfric acid clouds

Weather on Venus

CO2 - 95.3%, Nitrogen - 3.5%

Atmosphere of Venus

Planet with no moons

Venus

Unusual motion, period of a day is 24.6 hours

Tilt angle of rotation axis

(24°)

Mars

(means that it has seasons)

3900kg/m³

Density of Mars

Olympus Mons

Shield volcano on Mars

Valles mariners

Enormous valley on the equator of Mars

Polar Icecaps

frozen water and Co2 on Mars

Evidence of water flow in the past

Mars

Iron oxide red dust on surface

Mars

Plate tectonics until planet rapidly cooled and formation stopped

Mars

Global dust storms

Mars

About 50K cooler than on Earth

Mars

1/100 of earths pressure

Mars

CO2- 95.3%, Nitrogen- 2.7%

Mars

Captured asteroid moons

(phobos, deimos)

Mars

Fast differential rotation

Jupiter

1330kg/m³

Jupiter

Rocky core with metallic hydrogen(produces magnetic field) 

Jupiter

Great Red Spot

Hurricane on surface of Jupiter

fast rotation causes clouds to form bands around the planet

Jupiter

density 700kg/m³

Saturn

Helium Percipitation

how Saturn creates heat from the core

Planetary rings are around this planet

all jovian planets, but Saturn's are the most spectacular

Cassini Division

largest gap between Saturn's rings

Roche Limit

aspect of tidal forces; if you bring a large moon within the toche limit the tidal forces form the planet will pull it apart

Shepherd Satellites

chunks of ice within the ring system that herd the ice crystals into a very tight ring(traffic cops)

Rings of Saturn

primarily made of particles of water ice ranging in size from less than a millimeter to tens of meters, with a typical size (and composition) being that of a large snowball

Uranus and Neptune

Tilt rotation axis is about 90°

Uranus

Great Dark Spot

Neptune

2000 kg/m³

Pluto

Elliptical Orbit

Pluto

Densities over 5000

Earth, Venus, Mercury

terrestrial with iron right core

Densities over 4000

Moon, Mars and Io

terrestrial, rocky and iron rich

1700 to 3000 densities

ice objects

Low density planets

Gas Giants

Largest planet

Jupiter, radius is 10x the earth

Largest terrestrial planet

Earth

h-r diagram:

Large mass stars

Upper left

h-r diagram:

low mass starts

Lower right

h-r diagram:

Radius

Large stars in upper right

small stars in lower left

sun on the h-r diagram

center of the main sequence

only halfway through its lifecycle

main sequence star

Fusion: hydrogen > helium: happens in the core when a star is on the MAIN SEQUENCE (SUN)

Red Giant

Run out of hydrogen the fusion stops; surface of the star cools and then expands  

Yellow Giant

Fuses helium to carbon; settles into yellow giant region (or horizontal branch); run out of helium and then no fusion in the core

Red Supergiant

death explosion, planetary nebulae

White Dwarf

cool dead cores of stars

Low mass

less than 10 solar masses

High mass

bigger than 10 solar masses

neutron star, or black hole