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| A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity |
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| A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. |
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| A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule. |
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| The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus. |
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| An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts. |
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| One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass. |
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| Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions. |
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| A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. |
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| Heat is a measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion |
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| Temperature measures the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules |
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| What holds water molecules together? |
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| What property allows water molecules to bond to each other? |
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| Acids have a higher amount of H+(hydrogen ions) and bases have a higher amount of OH-(hydroxide ions) pH=-log[H+] |
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| A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. |
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| A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. |
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| The bonding capacity of a given atom; usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom’s outermost (valence) shell. |
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| The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom. |
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| An electron in the outermost electron shell. |
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| Properties of hydrocarbons |
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| Hydrocarbons are able to bond to themselves which is referred to as catenation, and allows hydrocarbon to form more complex molecules, such as cyclohexane, and in rarer cases, arenes such as benzene. This ability comes from the fact that bond character between carbon atoms is entirely non-polar, |
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| Cis-trans isomers (Geometric isomer) |
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| differ in arrangement about a double bond |
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| Differ in covalent partners |
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| Differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon, resulting in molecules that are mirror images. |
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1. Acts as a base.
2. Tends to attract a proton to form (-NH3+) |
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1. React with certain compounds to produce larger molecules with form:
OH
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R--C--H
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R |
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1. Acts as an acid.
2. Tends to lose a proton in solution to form (COO-) |
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1. Highly polar which makes compunds more soluble through hydrogen bonding with water.
2. May also act as a weak acid and drop a proton. |
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| 1. When several _______ groups are linked together, breaing O-P bonds releases large amounts of energy (ATP) |
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| 1. When present in proteins, can form disulfide (S-S) bonds that contribute to protein structure. |
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