•  In the Middle Ages there were two concepts of women:  one was women as sinful as Eve the temptress, the other was women as saintly as Mary being pure.
• However, female sexuality is accepted.

• Participants may fear their identities could be exposed.
• Participants may not want to give a response that is incompatible with their gender role.

• Male:  Corpora Cavernosa- spongy tissue in the penis that becomes congested with blood and stiffens during sexual arousal.  Glans- the tip of the penis that is highly sensitive to sexual stimulation.
• Female:  Mons Veneris- cushions a woman's body during intercourse and contains a supply of nerve endings.  Clitoris- only known function is to cause sexual pleasure.

• Cicumcision could have health benefits that may protect men and their sex partners against the transmission of HIV.
• Circumcision might reduce male sexual sensation because of the loss of the nerve endings in the foreskin.

• Masters and Johnson divided sexual response into four phases:  excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
• Kaplan's model of sexual response has three stages: desire, excitement, and orgasm.

• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia:  a condition in a genetic female who has internal female sexual organs, but external genitals are masculinized.
• Androgen-insensitivity syndrome:  a condition in a genetic male who is insensitive to androgens when prenatal so that his genitals are not normally masculinized.
• Dominican Republic Syndrome: a condition in which a genetic enzyme disorder prevents testosterone from maculinizing the external genitalia in men.

• Male:  Reckless, confident, tough
• Female: Forgiving, sensitive, emotional

• Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud described gender typing as developing in childhood through identification.  Children resolve an Oedipus complex for the other sex parent and the complex is resolved by identifying with the parent of the same sex.
• Social Learning Theory:  Gender typed behavior is explained in terms of processes such as observational learning, identification, and socialization.
• Cognitive Developmental theory:  The view of gender typing explaings that children form concepts, or schemas, about gender and then conform their behavior to their gender concepts.
• Gender Schema Theory:  Proposes that children develop a gender schema, a mental representation about gender typed qualities of each gender.  Once children acquire a gender schema, they begin to judge themselves according to traits that are considered appropriate for their sex.

• Old-Fashioned Sexism:  Endorsement of traditional gender roles.  Greater belief in stereotypes.  Predicts overt sexism.
• Modern Sexism:  Denial of continued discrimination.  Antagonism towards women's demands.  Predicts subtle or covert sexism.
• Hostile Sexism:  Justification of male power and dominance.  Belief in traditional gender roles.  Exploitation of women as sex objects.
• Benevolent Sexism:  Romanticized view of women.  Feel women need to be protected.  Are patronizing.

• Clear eyes
• Symmetrical face
• Attractive names

• Stonewalling
• Criticism
• Contempt
• Defensiveness

• Dr. Kellogg identified "39 signs of masturbation" and believed that sexual desires should be controlled by a diet of grains.
• Many 19th century physcians also advised parents to take measures to prevent their children from masturbating.
• Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Havelock Ellis condemened masturbation as psychologically dangerous.

• Male-superior Position:  This position makes it difficult for the man to caress his partner while also supporting himself with his hands.  This position can also make it difficult to delay ejaculation.  Has the advantage of permitting the couple to face eachother.
• Female-superior Position:  The man can give the woman manual stimulation. The woman can control her own stimulation. This position tends to be less stimulating, but it can help control ejaculation.
• Laternal-entry Position:  This position has the advantage of free movement and easy access to each other.  The position may be awkward and can cause part of the body to "fall asleep."
• Rear-entry Position:  The position is stimulating for both partners.  But potential disadvantages are that this position is associated with being animalistic.  And this position can create a sense of emotional distance.

• Fantasies enable couples to have a feeling of sexual variety
• Enhances arousal.
• Enhances sexual response.

• Male twin studies that show 52% of concordance with monozygotic twins.
• There may be evidence that the brain indicates sexual orientation, but the evidence is inconclusive.

• Using derogatory names.
• Barring gay people from housing, employment, or social opportunities.
• Taunting.

According to Rich Savin-Williams and Lisa Diamond the steps taken in order to "come out" are:

• Identify attraction to members of the same gender.
• Self-label as gay or lesbian
• Have sexual contact with members of the same gender.
• Disclosure of one's sexual orientation to other people.

• Low sperm count
• Low sperm motility
• Irregular ovulation

• In vitro fertilization is a method of conception in which ova are surgically removed from an ovary and then placed in a laboratory dish with sperm.
• Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) involves inserting sperm and an ova into a fallopian tube to encourage conception.

Misunderstandings about reproduction.

Lack of contraception.

• There is less social stigma today associated with being single.
• Some are single to pursue educaitonal and career goals.
• Many are cohabiting and do not feel like they need to get married.

• The vaginal walls lose much elasticity.
• The vaginal walls grow paler and thinner.
• The vagina also shrinks.

• Men take progressively longer to achieve erection.
• Erections become less firm.
• Older men may require more direct stimulation to achieve erection.

• Sexual desire disorders
• Sexual arousal disorders
• Orgasmic disorders
• Sexual pain/penetration disorders

• Hypoactive sexual desire disorder: People with little or no sexual interest or desire.
• People that find sex disgustin or adversive and avoid such contact have sexual aversion disorder.

• Chlamydia
• Gonorrhea
• Syphilis