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| 1In a multipolar neuron in the brain, where would the protein neurotransmitter be synthesized? |
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Term
Which is not a component of the PNS?
somatic sensory nerve, enteric nervous system, autonomic nervous system, somatic motor nerve,or cerebellum |
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Term
| what cell of the immune system is primarily responsible for an antibody mediated immune response? |
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Definition
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| what is the major function of interferons? |
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Definition
| they inhibit the replication of viruses in cells and help reduce the severity of viral infection |
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Term
| what is this type of antigen presenting cell that can display antigen epitopes to MHC-II molecules on its cell membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| a group of autonomic neurons outside of the central nervous system would be found in ; |
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Definition
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Term
| How does GABA induce hyperpolarization? |
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Definition
| opening ligand gated Cl- channels |
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Term
| what is the primary function of interleuken cytokines |
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Definition
| they activate or stimulate b cells and t cells |
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Term
| a patient is diagnosed with a brain tumor derived from the cells that normally form the myelin sheath in axons in the CNS, what type of cells would be in this tumor |
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Definition
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Term
| what class of immunoglobulins cross the placenta, that can provide passive immunity for the infant? |
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Definition
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Term
| Binding of an antigen to an IgA molecule can lead to what? |
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Definition
| lysis of microorganism with certain antigenic epitopes, attraction of phagocytic cells, |
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Term
| when shown a histological section you see lymphatic nodules underneath stratified squamous epithelium. what are you likely looking at? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of immunoglobulin is produced in response to antigens related with allergens and stimulate mast cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| after the very first exposure to an antigen this is normally the first type of immunoglobulin made by bcells during the primary response |
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Definition
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Term
| this type of immunoglobulin acts as an antigen receptor in the cell membrane of b lymphocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| this type of immunoglobulin is normally found in glands and secretions, ie saliva, tears milk |
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Definition
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Term
| the most prevalant immunoglobulin circulating in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| a tumor in a patients mediastinum is blocking a major lymphatic vessel bringing lymph back to the blood. what structure has likely been blocked? |
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Definition
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Term
| signs and symptoms of inflammation |
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Definition
| elevated temperature at site, pain at site, swelling, redness |
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Term
| what cells are responsible for forming the blood brain barrier? |
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Definition
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Term
| some autoimmune diseases are treated by by surgically removing the thymus. what is the purpose for this surgery? |
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Definition
| reduce the number of killer t lymphocytes |
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Term
| what is Wallerian degeneration |
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Definition
| histological changes that occur in neuron perikaryon, axon, and schwann cells after an axon is cut |
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Term
| what specific cellin the spleen normally makes immunoglobulins? |
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Definition
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Term
| groups of cells that display the CD-4 membrane receptors are most likely? |
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Definition
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Term
| after you have been vaccinated against a specific microorganism what cell is responsible for the imediate production of immunoglobulins used during a later exposure? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the membrane attack complex formed out of? |
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Definition
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| what type of connective tissue would normally have the highest number of IgE receptors in its cell membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of nerve fiber transmits information the fastest? |
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Definition
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| a deep knife wound in the right side of the neck, a patient has difficulty breathing because the right half of his diapram is paralyzed. branches from which group of spinal nerves were likely damaged in this injury? |
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Definition
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Term
| what branch of any spinal nerves that contains sensory and motor nerve fibers supplying the skin and muscles of the back? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are association tracks in the brain? |
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Definition
| bundles of axons running between funtionally related areas in one cerebral hemisphere |
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Term
| of the following what represents an ascending sensory tract in the spinal chord? anterior spinocerebellar, lateral corticospinal tract, lateral spinothalmic tract, anterior corticospinal? |
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Definition
| anterior corticospinal tract |
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Term
| venous blood passes through what in the brain? |
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Definition
| superior sagittal dural sinus |
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Term
| which important nerve to the lower extremity is formed from the spinal nerves that form the sacral plexus? |
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Definition
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Term
| a patient exhibiting wrist drop implies damage to which branch of the brachial plexus? |
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Definition
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Term
| where do you insert the needle when performing a spinal tap? |
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Definition
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Term
| the bundle of all spinal nerve roots and spinal nerves that extend beyond the bottom of the spinal cord is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| all neurons and neuroglia of the central and peripheral nervous system are derived from the embyonic tissue that forms the neural tube? |
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Definition
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Term
| what space is found within a cerebral hemisphere? |
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Definition
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Term
| the entire area of skin innervated by sensory axons from a specific pair of spinal nerves is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| which of these structures or tissues are responsible for forming cerebral spinal fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| when a light is shined in a patients right eye, the right pupil does not constrict. what nerve is likely damaged? |
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Definition
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Term
| a patient has been complaining of dizziness and some loss of hearing and it is determined he has a tumor within the temporal bone. the tumor is likely compressing what nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| a patient is in extreme pain from an abscess in a molar tooth in the mandible. the pain is being conducted to the brain from what nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| a patient diagnosed with bells palsy is likely due to the inflammation of what nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| a patient is complaining of double vision, it is determined they cannot contract their eye muscle. which nerve is likely involved? |
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Definition
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Term
| a patient cannot move her eye in a lateral direction. this suggest damage to what nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| after a fractured skull, including a fracture through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, a patient has lost some sense of smell. what nerve is likely damged? |
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Definition
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Term
| what nerve can be massaged in the neck to control tachycardia? |
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Definition
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Term
| after a stroke a patient is asked to stick out their tongue, when they do it bends abnormally to one side. what nerve has been damaged? |
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Definition
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Term
| a benign pituitary tumor has been found in a patient complaining of some loss of vision. what nerve is likely being compressed by this tumor? |
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Definition
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Term
| where are unmyelinated nerve fibers found? |
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Definition
| in post ganglionic sympathetic fibers from superior cervical ganglion |
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Term
| this neurotransmitter normally binds to muscarinic receptors after being released from postganglionic parasympathetic axons? |
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Definition
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Term
| what metabolic processes can be carried out by a hepatocyte? |
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Definition
| secrete bile, synthesize and secrete the plasma protein albumin, absorb bilirubin from hepatic portal vein blood, absorb glucose and convert it to glycogen |
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Term
| what should blood in the superior and inferior mesenteric veins contain? |
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Definition
| sodium, glucose, amino acids, and calcium |
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Term
| what kind of receptor can norepinephrine bind to? |
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Definition
| a1 adrenergic receptor, or b2 adrenergic |
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Term
| what parasympatheic ganglion contains the post ganglionic neurons that innervate the smooth muscles responsible for focusing the lens of the eye? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens after sympathetic stimulation? |
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Definition
| dilation of the pupils, decrease in saliva, increase in blood pressure, increase in heart rate |
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Term
| what structure is responsible for nerve impulses associated with proprioception? |
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