Term
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Definition
| collection of molecules which move about freely |
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Term
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Definition
| model of matter in which the molecules are treated as non-interacting point particles which are engaged in a random motion that obeys conservation of energy. |
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Term
| standard temperature and pressure |
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Definition
| 22.4 liters of most gases at standard temperature and pressure will contain very nearly 6.022 × 10^23 molecules (one mole). |
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Term
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Definition
| empirical laws that describe the relationship between thermodynamic temperature, absolute pressure and volume of gases. |
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Term
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Definition
| inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the temperature is kept constant within a closed system. |
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Term
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Definition
| proportional relationship between temperature and the volume of a gas at constant pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| the total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in a gas mixture. |
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Term
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Definition
| At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal hemoglobin can have its Fe2+ oxidized to Fe3+ by a variety of drugs and chemicals including nitrites, sulfonamides, acetanilide |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for converting methemoglobin back to hemoglobin A |
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Term
| Normal percentage of methemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The maximum amount of O2 which can be combined with hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| measures the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites in the bloodstream occupied by oxygen |
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Term
| O2 Saturation of Hemoglobin equation |
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Definition
| (O2 combined with Hb/O2 capacity) x 100 |
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Term
| The oxygen dissociation curve |
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Definition
| plots the proportion of hemoglobin in its saturated form on the vertical axis against the prevailing oxygen tension on the horizontal axis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes associated with pCO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Deoxygenation of the blood increases its ability to carry carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in temperature, 2,3-DPG, pCO2, and decrease in pCO, pH |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in pCO, and pH decrease in temperature, 2,3-DPG, and pCO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| The partial pressure of oxygen (pO2)at which the hemoglobin is 50% saturated, typically about 27 mmHg for a healthy person |
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Term
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Definition
| rightward shift of the standard curve |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is responsible for elimination of CO2 |
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Definition
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Term
| In acid-base balance, the kidney is responsible for 2 major activities |
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Definition
Reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate:
Excretion of the fixed acids |
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Term
| Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormal process or condition which would lower arterial pH if there were no secondary change in response to the primary etiological factor |
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormal process or condition which would raise arterial pH if there were no secondary changes in response to the primary etiological factor |
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Term
| Simple (Acid-Base) disorders |
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Definition
| are those in which there is a single primary etiological acid-base disorder |
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Term
| Mixed (Acid-Base) disorders |
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Definition
| are those in which two or more primary etiological disorders are present simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Metabolic Acidosis etiology |
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Definition
| uncontrolled diabetes (accumulation of ketoacids), lactic acid accumulation (exercise, poor perfusion, systemic infections), renal tubular acidosis (kidnets can't execute H+/Na+ exchange), liver disease (impaired urea/ammonia formation), salicylate intoxication (hyperventiliation, loss of bicarbonate), poisonings (converted to acid), or ingestion of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
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Term
| Metabolic Acidosis Compensation methods |
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Definition
| retention of HCO3, hyperventilation, or kidnye excretes organic acids and exchanges H+ for Na+, more acid urine |
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Term
| Metabolic Acidosis Laboratory findings |
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Definition
Decreased pH
Decreased HCO3
Initial pCO2 normal but will become decreased as compensating mechanisms are invoked
Negative base excess
In lactic acidosis there may be ↑anion gap, ↑K+, ↑lactate,
Poisoning, i.e., drugs, methanol etc. there may be ↑anion gap |
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Term
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Definition
| Based deficit disorder resulting from a decreased HCO3/H2CO3 ratio resulting from an increase in carbonic acid |
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Term
| Respiratory Acidosis etiology |
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Definition
| disorders that interfere with the ability of the lungs to expel CO2: COPD, depression of the respiratory centers (drugs), respiratory distress syndrome (premies or adults in shock) |
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Term
| Respiratory Acidosis Compensation methods |
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Definition
| hyperventilation to eliminate CO2, retain Na+ and HCO3 with increased acid excretion |
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Term
| Respiratory Acidosis Laboratory findings |
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Definition
Decreased pH
Increased pCO2
Initially a normal HCO3 which becomes increased as compensatory mechanisms are employed
Normal base excess
Coexisting metabolic lactic acidosis may exist due to tissue hypoxia |
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Term
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Definition
| base excess, high pH, increase in bicarb with no change in carbonic acid |
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Term
| Metabolic Alkalosis Etiology |
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Definition
| increased concentration of HCO3: Excessive intake of NaHCO3 (gastric disease, tums), loss of chloride (vomiting) |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder associated with a decrease in carbonic acid concentration usually resulting from over stimulation of the respiratory system. |
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Term
| Respiratory Alkalosis Etiology |
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Definition
| hyperventilation, salicylate intoxification, impairment of CNS, aggressive mechanical ventilation |
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Term
| Respiratory Alkalosis Compensation methods |
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Definition
| increased excretion of bicarbonate, slow respiration |
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Term
| Respiratory Alkalosis laboratory findings |
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Definition
Increased HCO3/H2CO3 ratio
Increased pH
Initially a decreased pCO2 but may increase as compensation is initiated
Initially normal with decreased concentrations as renal compensation is initiated
Decreased base excess
Alkaline urine with titratable HCO3 |
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Term
| 6 steps of systemic acid-base evaluation |
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Definition
| (1) pH (2) pattern (3) clues (4) compensation (5) formulation (6) confirmation |
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Term
| pH in evaluation of acid-base disorder |
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Definition
| arterial pH, acidaemia = acidosis, alkalaemia = alkalosis, normal = no disorder or compensation |
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Term
| pattern in evaluation of acid-base disorder |
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Definition
| suggestive pattern in pCO2 and [HCO3, if both are low = metabolic acidosis or respiratory alkalosis, if both are high = metabolic alkalosis or respiratory acidosis, if they are opposite = mixed disorder |
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Term
| clues in evaluation of acid-base disorder |
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Definition
| high anion gap = metabolic acidosis, hyperglycaemia = diabetic ketoacidosis, hypokalaemia/chloraemia = metabolic alkalosis |
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Term
| compensation in evaluation of acid-base disorder |
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Definition
if expectal and actual match = not mixed
if they don't match = mixed |
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Term
| formulation in evaluation of acid-base disorder |
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Definition
| consider everything together |
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