Term
| Describe ABO variations due to the action of other genes |
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Definition
| secretor and lewis genes determine the patients Le type and wheather ABO genes are secreted in body fluid, Lewis secreted observed in infants, patients who are weak A subgroups can make anti-A1 against the reagent red cells in the reverse screen |
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Term
| Describe ABO the action of the environment (disease, transfusion, chimeras) |
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Definition
| acquired B antigen from E. coli infection causes Anti-B in A individuals to react with the patient’s own cells, massive transfusion can periodically change the patient’s phenotype, and a chimera in which a patient can have two cell populations |
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Term
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Definition
| stacked coin appearance due to high concentration of protein, this can affect the crossmatch at both forward and reverse stage |
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Term
| abnormalities of patient's serum |
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Definition
| Lewis secretors, e variants |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple alloantibodies, cold and warm autoantibodies, antibodies against high-incidence antigens, etc.- Antibodies which react at immediate spin could cause false agglutination in the reverse type |
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Term
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Definition
| a state in which all indiivudal red cells are aggulinated by all sera, regardless of blood type due to naturally occurring immunoglobulin that are found in adult sera |
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Term
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Definition
| Auto antibodies from the patient in vivo which cause agglutination in the forward type |
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Term
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Definition
| cause agglutination due to antibodies to the reagent red cells |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins usually present in plants which bind specifically to carbohydrate determinants and agglutinate RBCs through their cell surface of sugars |
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Term
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Definition
| transient aquistion of the B phenotype encountered in A inidivuals, seen in forward type (strong agglutination with anti-A) |
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Term
| Weak/missing red cell reactivity due to |
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Definition
| age, disease, leukemia, transfusion (intrauterine or massive), transplantation, or improper cell suspension |
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Term
| Weak/missing red cell reactivity resolution |
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Definition
| decrease incubation temperature, use AC (Should be negative), increase incubation time |
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Term
| Extra Red cell reactivity due to |
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Definition
| rouleux, acquired B antigen, dirty glassware, polyagglutination, transplantation, out of group transfusion, autoagglutination |
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Term
| Extra Red cell reactivity resolution |
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Definition
| examine for rouleux, saline replacement, wash with warm saline, second source reagent |
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Term
| Mixed-field red cell reactivity due to |
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Definition
| recent transfusion with out of group red cells, transplantation (intrauterine), chimerism |
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Term
| Weak/missing serum reactivity due to |
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Definition
| age, ABO subgroup, hypogammaglobulinemia, or transplantation |
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Term
| Weak/missing serum reactivity resolution |
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Definition
| incubate all cell and increase incubation, increase serum/cell ratio |
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Term
| Extra serum reactivity due to |
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Definition
| cold autoab, cold alloab, antibody to regent, excess proteins, transfusion, transplantation, IVIg |
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Term
| Extra serum reactivity resolution |
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Definition
| anti P1, anti Le, rouleux, IS Ab screen, transplantation |
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Term
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Definition
| repeat initial testing with new cell suspension and washed cells and same reagent, request an additional specimen |
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