Term
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Definition
| acquired somatic mutation in hematopoietic stem cells or progenitor cells which confers a proliferative or survival advantage and properties of limitless self-renewal to those cells and impairs hematopoietic differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
| somatic defect primarily affects common myeloid precursor |
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Term
| Acute lymphoblastic leukemia |
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Definition
| somatic defect primarily affects common lymphoid precursor |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic defect which is characterized by cytopenias and dyshematopoiesis in all cell lines |
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Term
| Common variants of AML as defined by WHO classification |
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Definition
| AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities, AML with multilineage dysplasia, AML and MDS-therapy-related, and AML not otherwise categorized |
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Term
| AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities definition by WHO classification |
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Definition
| translocations, acute promyelocytic leukemia with translocations, AML with abnormal bone marrow eosinophils and translocation, and AML with 11q23 abnormalities |
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Term
| AML with multilineage dysplasia definition by WHO classification |
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Definition
| can follow MDS or MDS/MPD, +/- prior myelodysplastic syndrome |
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Term
| AML and MDS-therapy-related definition by WHO classification |
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Definition
| alkylating agent related, topoisomerase type II inhibitor-related, or other types |
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Term
| AML not otherwise categorized by WHO classification |
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Definition
| AML minimally differentiated (M0), AML without maturation (M1), and AML with maturation (M2), acute myelomonocytic leukemia (M4), acute erythroid leukemia (M6), acute megakaryocytic leukemia (M7), acute basophilic leukemia, acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis, and myeloid sarcoma |
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Term
| Typical blood picture for erythrocytes in AML |
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Definition
| anemia often <10 g/dL, nRBCs, Howell-jolly bodies, basophilic stippling, and pappenheimer bodies |
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Term
| Typical blood picture for leukocytes in AML |
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Definition
| variable (1-200 x 103/uL), most typically seen 5-30 x 103/uL, blasts make up 15-95% of all WBCs, granulocytopenia and monocytopenia, eosinophilia and basophilia, dysplastic PMNs |
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Term
| Typical blood picture for thrombocytes in AML |
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Definition
| thrombocytopenia often <20 x 103/uL, giant platelets and hypogranular platelets |
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Term
| Myeloid:Erythroid ratio in the bone marrow in AL |
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Definition
| decreased ratio, indicated hypercellularity |
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Term
| Typical results of MPO cytochemical stains in AML |
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Definition
| Myeloperoxidase is positive for myeloblasts and negative for lymphoblasts, monoblasts and erythroblasts |
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Term
| Typical results of SBB cytochemical stains in AML |
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Definition
| Sudan black B stains lipids of cytoplasmic granules, it will be positive for myeloblasts and negative for lymphoblasts, monoblasts and erythroblasts |
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Term
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Definition
| rod-like filaments of aggregated primary granules |
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Term
| Significance of Auer rods |
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Definition
| their presence excludes the diagnosis of ALL because they are only seen in AML |
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Term
| AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities presentation |
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Definition
| Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) which usually occurs in younger patients and is responsive to all-trans retinoic acid. APL presents with promyelocytes and multiple Auer rods. In APL there is a t(15:17) which produces a PML-RARs fusion protein which blocks differentiation at the promyelocyte stage of development. |
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Term
| AML with multilineage dysplasia presentation |
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Definition
| This type of AML can present de novo or following MDS/MPD in which there is dysplasia in two or more myeloid cell lines. The peripheral blood shows hypogranular PMNs, pseudo-pelger huet cells, megaloblastoid RBCs, multinucleated nRBCs, and ring sideroblasts with micromegakaryocytes. |
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Term
| AML and MDS-therapy related presentation |
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Definition
| usually presents 5-6 years following an alkylating agent exposure in cytotoxic chemo or radiation therapy. The cytogenetic abnormalities are similar to those seen in AML with multilineage dysplasia and de novo MDS. |
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Term
| AML not otherwise categorized presentation |
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Definition
| greater than 20% blasts with clear evidence of maturation beyond promyelocyte stage. Acute Myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML) is included in this category because of proliferation of myelocytic and monocytic precursors coupled with an extramedullary disease. |
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Term
| Patient history and type of leukemia |
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Definition
| AML with t(15:17)(q22;q21) (PML/RARa) and variants is distinguished from other leukemias because it occurs in patients of younger age |
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Term
| Physical assessment and type of leukemia |
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Definition
| coagulopathy occurs in AML with t(15:17)(q22;q21) (PML/RARa) and variants, AML and MDS therapy related diseases occur in populations who had cytotoxic chemo and/or radiation therapy in that last 5-6 years |
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Term
| Laboratory findings and type of leukemia |
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Definition
| when abnormal promyelocytes and multiple cells with Auer rods predominate the leukemia is AML with t(15:17), when >50% of cells are dysplastic in two or more myeloid cell lines then the leukemia is AML with multilineage dysplasia, if there is >20% then the leukemia is AML with maturation |
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Term
| Cellular presentations of AML relationship to prognosis |
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Definition
| Best prognosis is with APL, the worst prognosis is with AML, AEL, or AMkL. In between is AML +/- maturation, AMML, and AMoL |
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Term
| Cellular presentation of AML relationship to complications |
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Definition
| Malignant progranulocytes in AML with t(15:17) can lead to DIC and thrombocytopenia. Acute myelomonocytic leukemia can lead to extramedullary disease like gingival hypertrophy, leukemia cutis, and meningeal leukemia |
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Term
| Wright-stain morphology of AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities relationship to flow cytometry |
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Definition
| CD13, CD33, CD34, MPO, and CD56+ |
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Term
| Wright-stain morphology of AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities relationship to genetic testing |
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Definition
| Wright-stain morphology of AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities relationship to genetic testing: |
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Term
| Wright-stain morphology of AML with multilineage dysplasia relationship to flow cytometry |
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Definition
| the leukemic cell of origin is an hematopoietic stem which, and the CD markers are CD34, CD13, and CD33 +, and CD56 and CD17 variable |
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Term
| Wright-stain morphology of AML with multilineage dysplasia relationship to genetic testing |
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Definition
| cytogentic abnormalities indicate mutations, causes dysplasia in two or more myeloid cell lines |
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Term
| Wright-stain morphology of AML and MDS-therapy related relationship to flow cytometry |
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Definition
| immunophenotyping shows CD34, CD13, CD33 +, and CD56 and CD17 variable |
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Term
| Wright-stain morphology of AML and MDS-therapy related relationship to genetic testing |
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Definition
| unbalanced translocations or deletions involving chromosomes 5 and 7 or balanced translocations (topoisomerase II inhibitor therapy), refractory to treatment |
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Term
| Wright-stain morphology of AML not otherwise categorized relationship to flow cytometry |
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Definition
| proliferation of myelocytic (CD 13 and CD33+) and monocytic precursors (CD14, CD11b, CD11c and lysozyme +) |
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Term
| Wright-stain morphology of AML not otherwise categorized relationship to genetic testing |
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral blood results in relation to complete or partial remission |
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Definition
| normal blood picture returns |
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Term
| Peripheral blood results in relation to relapse |
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Definition
| monitor pancytopenia, severe granulocytopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia |
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Term
| Peripheral blood results in relation to engraftment |
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Definition
| only therapeutic choice that provides potential for prolonged for a disease free survival |
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Term
| WHO classification of AML |
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Definition
| bases on morphology, cytogenetic, molecular genetics, and immunologic markers, >20% of nonerythroid nucleated cells in BM are blasts |
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Term
| FAB classifications of AML |
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Definition
| based on morphologic and cytochemical evaluation, >30% of nonerythroid nucleated cells in BM are blasts |
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