Term
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Definition
| -A theory for the evolution of the solar system from a rotating cloud of gas |
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Term
| Two pieces of evidence the universe is expanding. |
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Definition
-Radiation in space
-The Doppler Effect |
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Term
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Definition
-1.Strong Nuclear Force (Binds protons & neutrons)
-2.Weak Nuclear Force (Breaking down atoms)
-3.Electromagnetic Force
-4.Gravity |
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Term
| Two most abundant elements in Universe |
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Definition
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Definition
-Object approaching has high pitch
-Object moving away has low pitch |
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Definition
| -Laws of nature have remained unchanged through time |
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Definition
| -Explanation for observations that is subject to continual testing |
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Definition
| -An explanation for some phenomenon that has supporting evidence |
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Definition
| -Combination of related parts that interact in an organized fashion |
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Definition
| -Theory that continents were once joined, then broke apart. |
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| Scientist who advanced the theory of Continental Drift |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Moving away
-Cause rift valleys & Ocean Ridges |
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Term
Convergent Plate Boundary
3 Types? |
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Definition
-Colliding Plates
*Oceanic-oceanic
*Oceanic-continental
*Continental-continental |
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Term
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Definition
-Boundary which plates slide past eachother
-Crust neither produced nor destroyed
-Causes Faults |
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Term
| Evidence for Continental Drift |
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Definition
| -Fossils -Glacial tills & striations -Continental Fit -Similarity of Rocks |
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Definition
-Late Paleozoic association of plants
-Found only on South Hemisphere & India |
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Definition
| -Any deviation in Earth's magnetic field |
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Definition
| -Theory that seafloor moves away from spreading ridges & is consumed at subduction zones |
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Term
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Definition
-Naturally Occurring
-Inorganic
-Crystalline solid |
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Term
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Definition
| -Temperature at which iron-bearing minerals attain their magnetism |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -Positively charged particle found in the Atom's Nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| -An electrically neutral particle found in the nucleus of an Atom |
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Term
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Definition
-Negatively charged particle
-Very little mass
-Circles Nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| -Atom with same number of protons, but different number of neutrons |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -Chemical bond formed by Atoms sharing electrons |
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Definition
| -Chemical bond formed from attraction between positively and negatively charged ions |
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Term
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Definition
| -Basic building block of all silicate minerals -SiO4 |
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Term
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Definition
-Any rock, made up mostly of carbonate minerals
-Limestone -Dolostone |
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Term
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Definition
-Igneous (Plutonic) rock texture in which minerals are (large) easily visible
-Intrusive |
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Term
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Definition
-Igneous rock texture in which mineral grains are too small to be seen
-Extrusive Volcanic |
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Term
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Definition
| -Series of minerals that form in a specific sequence in cooling magma/lava |
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Term
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Definition
| -Mass of compacted and recrystallized ice that flows under its own weight |
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Definition
| -Mass of compacted and recrystallized ice that flows under its own weight |
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Term
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Definition
| -Upper part of glacier, where snow cover is year round |
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Term
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Definition
| -Lower part of glacier, where losses exceed gains |
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Term
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Definition
| -Boulders that are found far from their source |
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Term
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Definition
| -Consist of groups of dark and light, laminated, fine grained sediment |
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Term
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Definition
| -A glacier's behavior depends on the balance between accumulation and wastage |
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Definition
| -The general term for all glacial deposits |
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Term
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Definition
| -A steep walled, bowl shaped depresssion on a mountain side at the upper end of a glacier valley |
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Term
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Definition
-A type of deformation that takes place in response to stress
-With great pressure ice depth begin to flow as plastic |
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Term
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Definition
-Occurs under the glacier; great pressure cause melting between the ice and rock
-Facilitates movement down slope |
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Term
| How do glaciers mostly move? |
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Definition
| -Glaciers move mostly by PLASTIC FLOW |
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Term
| What continent does not have glaciers? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Detrital (Mechanical Weathering)
-Chemical (Chemical Weathering) |
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Term
Sediment Grain size
Largest to Smallest |
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Definition
| -Gravel, sand, silt, and clay |
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Term
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Definition
| -Magma at earth's surface |
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Term
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Definition
| -Bulbous, interconnecting masses that result from underwater eruption of basaltic lava |
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Term
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Definition
| -Forms when lava flow has ceased and the rock has cooled and left a long, cave like channel |
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Term
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Definition
| -Stretches from Lassen Peak, California to British Columbia, Canada |
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Term
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Definition
| -Mudflows caused when new volcanic deposits meet water |
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Term
| Which type of volcano is expected to have lahars? |
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Definition
| -Composite (strato) volcanoes |
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Term
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Definition
| -Angular, fragmented lava |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Most common gas emitted by volcanoes? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 Main types of Volcanoes |
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Definition
-Shield volcanoes
-Cinder cones
-Composite volcanoes |
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Term
| 3 Families of Rocks and how they're formed? |
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Definition
-Igneous Rock: Melting and Crystallization
-Sedimentary Rock: Weathering and Erosion & Compaction and Cementation
-Metamorphic Rock: Heat and Pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| -Hypothesis that all landmasses were originally united into one continent named "Pangea" |
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Term
Mechanical and Chemical Weathering
Products? |
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Definition
-The 2 sources of sedimentary materials
-Detrital and Chemical sedimentary rocks |
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Term
| Cross bedding (Cross beds) |
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Definition
-Layers in sedimtary rocks deposited at an angle to the surface upon which they accumulated
-Preserves layers deposited at an angle
-Used to determine ancient current direction
-Formed after deposition
-Common Sedimentary Structure |
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Term
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Definition
| -Occurs when sea level rises with respect to the land, resulting in off shore facies overlying nearshore facies |
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Term
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Definition
-Occurs when the land rises with respect to sea level
-Results in nearshore facies overlying offshore facies |
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Term
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Definition
| -Contact, dynamic, and regional metamorphism |
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Term
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Definition
-Occurs under conditions of high temperature and low pressure
-Metamorphic "baked zones" or aureoles occur around magma |
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Term
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Definition
| -Occurs under conditions of low temperature and high pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| -Most common type of metamorphism |
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Term
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Definition
-Peridotite is thought to represent the main composition in the mantle
-Also called "Mantle Rock" |
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Term
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Definition
| -The point beneath the surface where an Earthquake's energy is released |
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Term
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Definition
| -Point on the surface vertically above the focus |
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Term
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Definition
| -Measure of an earthquake's intensity (Qualitative) |
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Term
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Definition
| -Occurs when water-saturated clays become fluid during ground shaking |
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Term
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Definition
-The sudden release of energy usually along a fault
-Produces shaking or trembling of ground |
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Term
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Definition
| -Cause most of the damage and shaking people feel during an earthquake |
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Term
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Definition
-Body Waves
-Surface Waves |
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Term
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Definition
-Consists largely of clay and silt sized particles
-Contain more than 30% water
-Generally follow preexisting channels |
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Term
| Where are mudflows most commonly found? |
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Definition
| -Arid to semi arid regions |
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Term
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Definition
-Up arched folds
-The oldest rock are in the core |
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Term
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Definition
-Down arched folds
-Youngest rocks are in the core |
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Term
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Definition
-Compression
-Tension
-Shear |
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Term
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Definition
| -Form in response to compressional stress |
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Term
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Definition
| -Form in response to tensional forces |
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Term
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Definition
| -Rocks are squeezed along the same line |
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Term
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Definition
| -Forces along the same line act in opposite directions |
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Term
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Definition
| -Forces act parallel to one another |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Faults which all movement is in the direction of the strike of the fault plane
-Left or right lateral |
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Term
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Definition
-Movement is in the direction of dip
-Normal or reverse |
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Term
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Definition
-Forms in response to tensional forces
-Hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall |
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Term
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Definition
-Forms in response to compressional forces
-Hanging wall moves relative to the footwall |
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Term
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Definition
| -An episode of mountain building |
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Term
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Definition
| -Intersection of a horizontal plane with an inclined plane |
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Term
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Definition
| -Is the maximum angle of an inclined angle |
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Term
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Definition
| -Downslope movement of material resulting from the force of gravity |
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Term
| 3 Main types of Mass Wasting |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -Measure of the distance water travel in a given amount of time |
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Term
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Definition
| -The volume of water that passes a point in a given amount of time |
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Term
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Definition
-Formed when meander loops are cut off from stream channels.
-Fine sediment and organic matter accumulates in such lakes |
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Term
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Definition
-Carry much more suspended load and have a single, sinuous channel.
-Broadly looping curves |
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Term
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Definition
| -Geographic area that is seperated from adjacent drainage basins by topographically higher areas called divides |
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Term
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Definition
-Topographically higher land
-Separates small drainage basins |
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Term
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Definition
| -Invisible because it is composed of ions which are transported in solution |
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Term
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Definition
| -Made up of the smallest particles that can be kept in suspension in the water by turbulance |
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Term
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Definition
-The lowest level to which streams can erode is SEA LEVEL.
-Also known as ULTIMATE BASE LEVEL |
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Term
| The bed load is composed of sand and gravel that is transported along a stream's bed by ____ and ____ and ____ |
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Definition
-Saltation
-Rolling
-Sliding |
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Term
| The bed load is composed of sand and gravel that is transported along a stream's bed by ____ and ____ and ____ |
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Definition
-Saltation
-Rolling
-Sliding |
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Term
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Definition
| -All subsurface water trapped in the pores and other open spaces in rocks, sediments, and soil |
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Term
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Definition
| -When water initially infiltrates the ground, most of the pores are filled with air |
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Term
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Definition
-Underlying the "Zone of Aeration".
-Pores are filled with water |
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Term
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Definition
-Top of the zone beneath the surface in which the pores are filled with water
-Also the surface that separates the zone of aeration from the underlying zone of saturation |
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Term
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Definition
| -Largely develops by groundwater erosion in many areas underlain by soluble rocks |
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Term
| Average Rate of Groundwater Flow |
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Definition
| -A few centimeters per day |
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Term
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Definition
| -The capacity to transmit fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| -The percentage of a material's total volume that is pore space |
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Term
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Definition
-Impermeable layers of rock
-Confine aquifers |
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Term
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Definition
| -A permeable layer that transports water |
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Term
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Definition
- A spring who's water issues under artesian pressure
-Generally through some fissure or other opening in the bed that overlies in the aquifer |
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Term
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Definition
| -Hot springs which periodically eject hot water and steam with tremendous force |
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Term
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Definition
-Non uniform field of pressure
-The pressure acting on a rock in some directions is stronger than it is in others |
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Term
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Definition
-Is a uniform field of pressure
-Experienced by most rock beneath Earth's Surface |
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Term
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Definition
-Sedimentary Coal (Lignite Coal)
-Butimous Coal
-Subbitumous Coal
-Metamorphic Coal (Antracite Coal) |
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