Term
| What is the physical attractiveness stereotype? |
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Definition
| what is beautiful is good |
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Term
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Definition
| the assumption that physically attractive people posses other socially desirable traits as well. |
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Term
| what is the radiating beauty effect? |
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Definition
| those individuals who associate with highly attractive individuals are deemed to have more positive characteristics than when alone or w/ an unattractive other. |
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Term
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Definition
| the assumption that those who are physically unattractive possess negative social traits |
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Term
| does cosmetic surgery work to increase positive halo effect? |
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Definition
| yes, after surgery women were rated as kinder, more like-able. |
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Term
| what are some of the criteria for beauty that society has for women? |
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Definition
| In general people judge women more attractive when they have "baby face" features that suggest non-dominance. |
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Term
| what are some of the criteria for beauty that society has for men? |
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Definition
| more attractive when their faces suggest maturity and dominance. |
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Term
| What is the exchange theory of attraction? |
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Definition
"you must become a unique and powerful reinforcer"
-liking or attraction is linked to rewards or punishments associated w/ others
-minimize cost (boredom, conflict)
-maximize rewards (self esteem, pleasure)
Basically, the more profitable a relationship is, the more likely it will continue in the future. |
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Term
| What are Gottman's four horsemen of the apocalypse? |
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Definition
1. criticism
2. defensiveness
3. contempt
4. stonewalling
These are all negatives. Couples that stay together have significantly more positive interchanges than negative. (magic ratio: 5:1 +/-) |
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Term
| Why is equity important in long term relationships? |
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Definition
| according to the equity principle, what you and your partner get out of a relationship should be proportional to what you put into it. |
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Term
| power and dependence in relationships |
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Definition
| dependence is a function of the value of rewards provided in a relationship and the scarcity of those rewards (alternatives available) |
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Term
| how are attractiveness and dependence related? |
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Definition
the fewer the alternatives, the more attractive objectively less rewarding or satisfying relationships or individuals become.
example:
Alice and her suiters
B1
B2
B3 |
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Term
| J. Thilbaut and H. Kelly's theory of social interdependence: |
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Definition
| the overall evaluation of a relationship as rewarding is dependent on the social environment or network in which the individual finds him/herself. |
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Term
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Definition
| standard by which individuals evaluate the rewards and costs of a relationship in terms of what they feel THEY deserve. |
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Term
| comparison level for alternatives: |
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Definition
perceived outcomes of alternatives available to an individual--
used to decide whether to initiate, maintain, or terminate a relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which the parties involved in a relationship are dependent on the other for particular rewards. |
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Term
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Definition
when participants in a relationship provide one another with unique rewards not available from others.
ex: kids |
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Term
| when future goals and rewards become tied up with one another this is an example of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Divorce is least likely among those who: |
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Definition
-marry after age 20
-date for a long time
-are well educated
-enjoy a stable income
-live in small town/farm
-do not cohabit or pregnant beforehand
-are actively and similarly religious |
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Term
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Definition
| voluntary and intentional behavior that seeks to increase another persons welfare at the expense of one's own. |
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Term
| how does the exchange theory view altruism? |
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Definition
| assuming a minimax strategy is used in deciding whether or not to help others. (examines costs and rewards associated with helping behavior) |
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Term
| cost of helping (Darley and Batson reading) |
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Definition
| time, effort, potential danger, feeling of inadequacy if one fails, unpleasant events, embarrassment if help is not needed. |
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Term
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Definition
| praise, thanks, self approval, material rewards |
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Term
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Definition
| disapproval of others, fail to relieve pain or need of others (empathic concern), guilt. |
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Term
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Definition
| continue on way, avoid danger, reduce stress (egoistic concern) |
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Term
| costs associated with helping have the (least or greatest) impact, costs associated w/ not helping have (least or greatest) impact when the costs of helping are low. |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the role of guilt in increased helping behavior? |
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Definition
| people are more likely to help others after they have done something wrong. |
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Term
| what is the role of a good mood and helping behavior? |
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Definition
| people are more likely to help others if in a good mood. |
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Term
| What did Isen and Levin find in their pay phone experiment? |
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Definition
| after subjects found a dime in the pay phone they were overwhelmingly more likely to help in a second scenario than no dime participants. |
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Term
| some explanations for helping behavior when in a good mood: |
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Definition
1. less likely to be concerned with themselves and less concerned with own problems
2. feel fortunate compared to others and help others who are less fortunate. |
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Term
| what might explain helping behavior for people who are in a bad mood? |
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Definition
| negative state relief-- engage in pro-social acts to reduce negative feelings. |
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Term
| what might explain non-helping behavior for people who are in a bad mood? |
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Definition
bad moods decrease helping behavior when it leads to a preoccupation w/ oneself and one's own problems.
people here also tend to see themselves as less fortunate than others. |
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Term
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Definition
| the expected pattern of behavior, attitudes and beliefs that are formally or informally upheld by the group. |
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Term
| what is the norm of social responsibility? |
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Definition
-you should help those who are dependent on you for help
ex: parents are expected to help their dependent children, providing them with sustenance and affection. |
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Term
| what is the norm of reciprocity? |
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Definition
we should help those who help us, and not hurt those who help us.
-people want equity
-self interest in helping others is an insurance policy |
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Term
| how do the norm of reciprocity and equity theory work together? |
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Definition
-people try and keep ratio of rewards/costs equal for parties of an exchange.
-inequitable relationships increase distress and attempts to restore equity.
-recipient of help may feel obligated to helper and if she is unable to reciprocate this may lead to negative feelings. |
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Term
| what is the norm of distributive justice and what has it to do with equity? |
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Definition
-the idea that people should be rewarded according to their efforts and should not suffer unless their actions justify it.
-this may motivate people to help another who we feel is unjustly harmed.
-but it also encourages blaming the victim.
-a counter norm is the belief in a just world and that people get what they deserve. |
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Term
| social norms based on role expectancies influence helping behavior |
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Definition
this helping behavior would apply more to people who occupy certain roles in society.
-medical professionals
-social workers
-police officers/firefighters |
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Term
| what are some counter norms to role expectancies? |
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Definition
-mind your own business
-don't overreact in public (don't make a scene)
*perhaps more strongly governed by gender |
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Term
| What is the decision tree in the role of bystanders in helping behavior? |
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Definition
a person must make 5 decisions before they intervene in an emergency.
1. must observe that something is happening
2. event has to be interpreted as an emergency
3. have to perceive self as responsible for helping
4. must determine appropriate form of assistance
5. capability and implementation of decision. |
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Term
| what are the 3 major bystander effects? |
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Definition
1. interpretation of the situation (look around, what are other people doing?)
2. evaluation apprehension (if i help will that violate any social norms?)
3. diffusion of responsibility (the larger the # of bystanders, the more each person's sense of responsibility is diluted) |
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Term
| why is it not as helpful to require help from a person who is in a hurry? |
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Definition
-less likely to help overall
-fail to notice an event or interpret it as an emergency
-increased cost associated w/ helping (being late) |
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Term
| 2 roles required in the authoritarian relationship: |
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Definition
1.superordinate
2. subordinate |
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Term
| the __________ has the prerogative of coordinating action in the situation and issuing directives. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________'s responsibility is to comply |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| authority has support of other higher ups and is for the sake of some larger legitimate purpose (psychological truth, advancement of science) |
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Term
| What were the key factors that influenced obedience in the Milgram study? |
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Definition
1. authoritarian relationship is perceived to be legitimate
2. differential access to information and resources
3. differential accountability
-agentic shift: subject becomes merely an agent for carrying out the authority's commands
4. definition of the situation (authority defines situation, it is restrictive)
5. sequential nature of action (past behavior tends to justify present behavior)
6. contextual factors
-proximity to victim
-proximity to authority
-change of location (Yale vs random office building)
-subject given a choice of shock level
-presence of a dissenter
-subsidiary role (when someone else is giving the shocks, they are one step removed from situation.. more likely to let it escalate all the way to top voltage) |
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Term
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Definition
| the change in a person's behavior or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people |
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Term
| what motivates conformity? |
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Definition
1. normative influence
-people are dependent on groups for approval and acceptance (ex: Asch line studies.. desire to be correct vs. desire to be accepted)
2. Information dependence (social comparison.. ex: jaywalking) |
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Term
| When does information influence occur? |
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Definition
1. when the situation is ambiguous
2. when people are anxious/stressed
3. when other people are perceived to be experts
--effective dependence in this sort of situation will most likely lead to compliance |
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Term
| information dependence is more likely to lead to: |
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Definition
internalization
ex: accepting the belief or behavior and integrating it into one's own system of beliefs/behaviors. |
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Term
| In the Kitty Genovese case, is the uninvolved bystander conforming? |
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Definition
essentially, yes.
there is a diffusion of responsibility, we look to others to define appropriate behavior (information dependence) and we have a fear of negative consequences (effect dependence) |
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Term
| what factors influence likelihood of conformity? |
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Definition
1. size of majority
-larger the number of opposition to majority, the more likely to yield.
2. unanimity of majority
-a supporting partner reduces conformity pressure
3. status and attractiveness of group
-person has more to lose being ostracized from attractive, high status group
4. cohesiveness of the group
-in highly cohesive groups there is more pressure to conform (don't want to disrupt positive socioemotional environment) |
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Term
| status and cohesiveness of a group increase dependence of a member of the group. How? |
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Definition
| conformity pressure should be a direct function of the dependence of a member on the group. |
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Term
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Definition
| conformity pressure, self censorship, mind guarding--> illusion of unanimity, over confidence, close-mindedness |
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