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| refers to the biological identity, being male or female |
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| the socially learned expectations and behaviors associated with members of each sex, is culturally learned |
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| Refers to explanations that attribute complex social phenomena to physical characteristics (ex. men are more aggressive because of hormonal differences) |
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| A condition caused by irregularities in the process of chromosome formation or fetal differentiation that produces persons with mixed biological sex characteristics, also known as intersex persons |
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| Men and women learn the expectations associated with their sex (ex. women work as hostesses and take care of the children) |
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| One’s definition of oneself as a man or woman, is basic to our self-concept and shapes our explanations for ourselves, our abilities and interests, and how we interact with others (ex. women comparing herself to another woman’s body) |
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| Fear or hatred of homosexuals |
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| Are the total pattern of gender relations, stereotypical expectations; interpersonal relationships, and the different placement of men and women in social, economic, and political hierarchies of institutions (ex. schools) |
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| Refers to the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender |
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| Extreme segregation and exclusion or women from public life (ex. in Afghanistan, women were prohibited from leaving their homes unless accompanied by a close male relative, their windows in their homes where women lived were painted black to keep women literally invisible from the public) |
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| Refers to a society or group in which men have power over women |
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| Has traditionally been defined as a society or group in which women have power over men (matriarchy exists, but not as a mirror image of patriarchy) |
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| Labor Force Participation Rate |
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| The percentage of those in a given category who are employed either part time or full time |
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| The result of differences in the individual characteristics that workers bring to jobs, assumes that the economic system is fair and competitive and that wage discrepancies reflect differences in the resources (or human capital) that individuals bring to their jobs, explains gender differences in wages (ex. child rearing and family responsibilities could negative influence the earning power of women) |
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| Contends that women and men earn different amounts because they tend to work in different segments of the labor market, organized into two sectors, primary market jobs are stable, wages are good, opportunities for advancement exist, fringe benefits are likely, and workers are afforded due process (ex. working for a major corporation in a management job), secondary market characterized by high job turnover, low wages, short or nonexistent promotion ladders, few benefits, poor working conditions, arbitrary work rules (ex. waiting tables, selling fast food |
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| A pattern in which different groups of workers are separated into occupational categories based on gender |
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| Gender segregation is a specific form of occupational segregation, segregation in the labor market (can also be based on race, class, age, or any combination thereof) |
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| Refers to practices that single out some groups for different and unequal treatment |
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| Not a single way of thinking and acting, it fundamentally refers to advocating a more just society for women |
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| Has emerged from the women’s movement and refers to analyses that seek to understand the position of women in society for explicit purpose of improving their position in society (4 main types) |
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| Emerged from a long tradition that began among British liberals in the nineteenth century, argues that inequality for women originates in traditions of the past that pose barriers to women’s advancement, it emphasizes individual rights and equal opportunity as the basis for social justice and reform |
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| A more radical perspective that interprets the origins of women’s oppression in the system of capitalism, because women constitute a cheap supply of labor, they are exploited by capitalism, capitalism interacts with patriarchy to make women less powerful |
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| Interprets patriarchy as the primary cause of women’s oppression, women’s oppression lies in men’s control over women’s bodies, thus they see violence against women in the form of rape, sexual harassment, wife beating, and sexual abuse—as mechanisms that men use to assert their power in society |
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| Evolves from studies pointing out that earlier forms of feminist thinking excluded women of color from analysis, examines the interactive influence of gender, race, and class, showing how together they shape the experiences of all women and men |
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| The principle of paying women and men equivalent wages for jobs involving similar levels of skill, this policy recognizes that men and women tend to occupy different jobs |
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The Social Basis of Sexuality
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1. Human sexual attitudes and behavior vary in different cultural contexts
2. Sexual attitudes and behavior vary over time 3. Sexual identity is learned
4. Social institutions channel and direct human sexuality
5. Sex is influences by economic factors in society
6. Public policies regulate sexual and reproductive behaviors
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| Teach us what is appropriate for each gender (ex. children learn sexual scripts through playing roles, playing doctor as a way of exploring their bodies, or hugging and kissing in a way that can mimic heterosexual relationships) |
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| Social Construction Perspective |
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| Symbolic interaction theory uses a social construction perspective to interpret sexual identity as learning, not inborn, patterns of social approval and social taboos make some forms of sexuality permissible and others not |
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| How individuals experience sexual arousal and pleasure, gay or lesbian |
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| The process of defining oneself as gay or lesbian, is a series of events and redefinitions in which a person comes to see herself or himself as having a gay identity |
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| A perspective that has evolved from recognizing the socially constructed nature of sexual identity, instead of seeing heterosexual or homosexual attraction as fixed in biology, queer theory interprets society as forcing these sexual boundaries on people, by challenging the either/or thinking that one is either gay or straight, queer theory challenges the idea that only one form of sexuality is normal and all other forms are deviant or wrong |
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| Refers to the link between sexuality and power, not just within individual relationships (ex. the high violence rates against women and sexual minorities) |
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| Refers to the institutionalization of heterosexuality as the only socially legitimate sexual orientation |
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| Sought to apply scientific principles of genetic selection to “improve” the offspring of the human race, it was explicitly racist and class based, calling for the compulsory sterilization of those who eugenicists thought were unfit, the eugenics movement grew from the fear of domination by immigrant groups |
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| Refers to the widespread changes in men’s and women’s roles and a greater public acceptance of sexuality as a normal part of social development, the sexual revolution has meant greater sexual freedom, especially for women |
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