Term
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Definition
- 80-85% of the time, dreams are reported if the person is awakened from REM sleep
- About 15% of the time from non-REM sleep
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Term
| What are the research methods for dreams? |
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Definition
| Surveys, diaries, and sleep lab |
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Term
| What is content analysis of dreams? |
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Definition
| Putting the content of dream repeats into catagories and statisically examining the occurence of the context |
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Term
Influencing Dreams: What are first night effects? |
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Definition
| In a sleep lab, many sleep charcteristics are unusual the first night sleeping, including dreams |
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Term
Influencing Dreams: Wearing red-tinted goggles? |
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Definition
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Term
Influencing Dreams: What is lucid dreaming? |
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Definition
You know you are dreaming and can often take voluntary control of the action |
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Term
Influencing Dreams: What does stimulating while dreaming entale, and how effective was it? |
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Definition
- Water in the face: 42%
- Light in the face: 23%
- Tone: 97%
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Term
| What are False Awakenings? |
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Definition
| While dreaming you wake up, you dream you do something, you dream going back to sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Waking and feeling paralyzed |
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Term
Dream Theories: Dreams have meaning |
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Definition
| Sigmeud Freud: Dreams have meaning, and can be inturpreted |
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Term
Dream Theories-Dremas have meaning What is the maifest content of a dream? |
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Definition
| The remember story line of a dream |
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Term
Dream Theories- Dremas have meaning What is the latent content of a dream? |
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Definition
Meaning of the dream - Dreams as ways to solve problems
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Term
What are all Dream Theories? |
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Definition
- Dreams have meaning
- Dreams as ways to solve probelms
- Biological theories
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Term
Dream Theories: What is the Biological theory? |
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Definition
| Dreams are the bi-product of neurological activity |
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Term
| What is the Activation Synthesis Theory? |
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Definition
| Dreams result from the electrical storm from subcortical areas (activation); cortex tries to make sense of these random signals (synthesis) |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience and practice |
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Term
| What is associative learning? |
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Definition
| Learning that two events occur together |
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Term
| What is associated classical conditioning? |
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Definition
When one associates 2 stimuli |
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Term
| What is opperant conditioning? |
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Definition
| When you assoiciate a responce and it's consequences |
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Term
| What is Classical conditioning? |
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Definition
A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neural stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus and begins to produce a responce that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| What is the unconditioned stimulus? (US) |
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Definition
Natually and automatically triggers a responce - Pavlov experiment: US=Meat
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Term
| What is the unconditioned responce? (UR) |
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Definition
The unlearned and natually occuring responce to the unconditioned stimulus - Pavlov experiemement: Salivate #1
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Term
What is the Conditioned Stimulus? (CS) |
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Definition
A neural stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned responce - Pavlov experiment: Tone 1 and 2
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Term
| What is the Neutral Stimulus? |
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Definition
| doesn't produce the conditioned responce before training |
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Term
| What is the conditioned responce? (R) |
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Definition
A learned responce to a previously neutral stimulus - Pavlov experiment: Salivate 2
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Term
| What is short-delayed conditioning? |
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Definition
| CS begins just before US and CS and UCS end together-usually effective |
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Term
| What is Backwards conditioning? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Phase in which a conditioned stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned responce |
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Term
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Definition
| Gradual weakening and disapperence of a conditioned responce by presenting the conditioned stimulus repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to respond in the same way to stimulus similar to a conditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| What is Spontanious Recovery? |
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Definition
| The reapperence after a pause of an extingueshed CR |
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Term
| How is classical conditioning used in TV commercials? |
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Definition
| By using catchy tunes and slogans to trigger your memory |
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Term
| What is systematic desenitization? |
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Definition
- The make of hiarchy fears
- associate least feared item with with relaxation responce
- work way up the hiarchy until relax to the phobic item
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Term
What is conditioned taste aversion? |
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Definition
| A taste associated with nausia and is avoided in the future |
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Term
| What are some supprising findings of conditioned taste aversion? |
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Definition
- Can be several hours between the CS (taste) and UR (illness) Normally a few seconds
- One trial conditioning
- Lasts a long time
- Doesn't occur with usual auditory, or tactile conditioned stimuli
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Term
| Why is taste easily associated with illness? |
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Definition
| Biological predispositions to associate taste with illness, and visual, auditory, and tactile sensations with the assult on the body |
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Term
| What is Operant Conditioning? |
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Definition
- B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
- Type of learning in which behavior is streghnthened if fallowed by a reinforcer and weakened if fallowed by a punisher
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Term
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Definition
| A small enclosure in which responces of which an animal can be recorded and consequences of the responses controlled |
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Term
| What is the Law of Effect? |
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Definition
Behaviors fallowed by favorable consequenses become more likely to occur in the future; behaviors fallowed by unfavorable consequenses become less likely to occur in the future - Formulated by Edward Thorndike (1874-1948)
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Term
| What is a positive reinforcer? |
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Definition
| A stimulus that when presented after a response stregnthens the response |
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Term
| What is a Negitive reinforcer? |
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Definition
A stimulus that when removed after a response strengthens the response - NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT IS NOT PUNISHMENT
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Term
What is a Positive Reinforcer? |
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Definition
An inately reinforcing stimulus - usually satisfies a biological need
- ex: food, water, access to sex
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Term
| What is a conditioned reinforcer? |
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Definition
| A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power from association with a primary reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
| Can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
| An event that decreases the behavior that it fallows |
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Term
| What are some possible problems with punishment? |
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Definition
- General suppression of behavior may occur
- Doesn't guide the organism to the desireed behavior
- May increase agressiveness
- Undesirable behavior may reappear in safe settings
- In life, we don't get reinforced after every learned act or punishment after every undesirable act
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcers guide behavior forwards closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
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Term
| What are discrimative stimuli? |
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Definition
| A signal that a response will be reinforced or punished (cop car) |
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Term
| What is the clever hans effect? |
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Definition
| Inadvertantly cue an animal or human |
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Term
| What is continuous reinforcement? |
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Definition
The disired response is reinforced everytime - Results in quick learning but little resistence to extinction
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Term
| What is partial reinforcement? |
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Definition
Responses are sometimes reinforced, sometimes not - Results in slower learning but greater resistence to extinction
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Term
| What are the 4 basic schedules of reinforcement? |
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Definition
- Fixed Ratio
- Variable Ration
- Fixed Interval
- Variable Interval
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Term
4 Basic Schedules of Reinforcement: - Fixed Ratio
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Definition
Behavior is reinforced after a set number of responses - Result in a high number of response
- But it extinguishes relatively quickly
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Term
4 Basic Scheduals of Reinforcement: 2. Variable Ratio |
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Definition
Behavior is reinforced aftter an unpedictable number of responses - Results in a high rate of responding that is resistent to extinction
- EX: slot machine
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Term
4 Basic Scheduals of Reinforcement: 3. Fixed Interval |
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Definition
The first response after a fixed time period is reinforced - responses really decrease between reinforcements and increase greatly near reinforcement time
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Term
4 Basic Schedules of Reinforcement 4. Variable Interval |
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Definition
The first response after a varying time interval is reinforced - results in a low rate of responding but persists for a very long time
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Term
| What type of schedule is gambeling? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
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Term
| What is Flashbulb memory? |
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Definition
| A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
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Term
| Under what circumstances does Flasbulb memory occur? |
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Definition
Includes memories of incidental details - Narrative reconstruction
- POINT: Strongest memory is not just a simple recording of events
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