What is the difference between real history and natural history (or the history of nature)?
Definition
History takes place in Spirit, and man alone is the realm of Spirit. Nature without man does not play a role in the realm of Spirit, and thus has no history.
Term
Definition
They are sacrificed to the actualization of the absolute--God.
Term
What does Hegel mean in saying that periods of happiness are blank pages in history?
Definition
Nothing is literally happening since the absolute is not being actualized by the working out of contradictions.
Term
What exactly is the cunning of reason?
Definition
The particular is sacrificed in order to bring about the purposes of the universal.
Term
Definition
Such a concept is negative freedom; real positive freedom is satisfied only in morality, law, and the state.
Term
What does Hegel mean by the term state?
Definition
the entire society; the people organized into a whole; the moral whole; the spirit of the people
Term
Definition
The state is the realization of the absolute who is only conscious in the state; the laws of the state reflect his will.
Term
According to Hegel, what is the connection between the narration of history and historical deeds?
Definition
The two appear at the same time and are united by a common inner principle.
Term
Definition
tensionless activity
Term
How do we discover that we are free? (kant)
Definition
when we become aware of duty, obligation, or the moral law
Term
According to Kant, what is the relation between moral law and natural law?
Definition
A human being exists in two aspects: in the supersensuous world and in the sensuous world. This latter world is subject to the laws of time and space. The fundamental law which presides over the supersensuous nature is the moral law. The natural law is associated with the sensuous world.
Term
What does Kant mean by a holy will?
Definition
The holy will is a personal will that is in accordance with the moral law. The moral law is for the will of a perfect being, a law of holiness.
Term
What does Kant mean by virtue?
Definition
Virtue, i.e., the disposition in conflict and not holiness, is the supposed possession of perfect purity of intentions of the will. It is the law-abiding disposition resulting from respect for law.
Term
Why does fear of punishment or hope of reward destroy the moral worth of actions?
Definition
An action is morally worthy only if it is done out of respect for duty and contrary to natural inclinations. Fear and hope are not duty-bound considerations.
Term
What does Kant mean in saying that the inscrutable wisdom through which we exist is not less worthy of veneration in respect to what it denies us than in what it has granted?
Definition
The mystery of existence hints at everything which is both possible and impossible, providing human existence with hope and beauty accompanying our moral duties and obligations. The nature of human existence can therefore be appreciated on these grounds.
Term
According to Kant, how does God relate to the highest good?
Definition
It is morally necessary to assume the existence of God because of our duty to presuppose the possibility of the highest good. God must be the author of this highest good and it is contingent upon him as creato
Term
Definition
the unity of virtue and happiness
Term
Definition
The highest good is achievable only if one assumes immortality of the soul, since it takes an infinite time to achieve the highest good.
Term
According to Kant, what was Gods purpose in creating the world?
Definition
God created the world out of benevolence and out of the Holy Will. The highest good is Gods reason for creating the world
Term
According to Kant, who is capable of distinguishing right from wrong?
Definition
everyone.
Term
What does Kant have in mind in the distinction between acting according to duty and acting from duty?
Definition
Action according to duty is the same as legality; acting from duty is genuine morality.
Term
Hegel- what is the philosophical method of history?
Definition
thoughtful contemplation of history.
Term
What does Hegel mean in saying the essence of matter is gravity?
Definition
unlike spirit, matter is not free. matter consists of parts and passions abd seeks its opposite. matter finds unity outside itself.
Term
According to Hegel, what is the moral duty of any particular individual?
Definition
fulfilling ones duties according to ones social position; to know and obey the laws of the state.
Term
What is the main difference between spiritual and organic beings?
Definition
Spirit is mediated by consciousness and will.
Term
According to Hegel, what is philosophy?
Definition
thinking of thinking
Term
Who is Hegel criticizing in his discussion of the 3rd method of history?
Definition
anyone who believes philosophy has nothing to do with history.
Term
What does it mean to say that mankind is free my nature?
Definition
mankind naturally seeks to live in the state where freedom is realized.
Term
what does Hegel think of the state of nature?
Definition
it is not original or natural.
Term
What does Kant mean in saying that the concept of God is primarily a moral concept?
Definition
We can know the concept of God through moral law because human beings cannot possibly understand God's infinite nature save as an understanding of God as the highest good. Practical reason, moral reason, establish the concept of God. Not philosophy or physics.
Term
How do happiness and duty relate?
Definition
there is no relation between the two except an indirect achievement of happiness from doing ones duty.
Term
What does Kant have in mind in the distinction between acting according to duty and acting FROM duty?
Definition
acting according to duty is the same as legality, acting FROM duty is genuine morality.
Term
Explain in what sense Hegels method is a theodicy.
Definition
He wants to reconcile the idea that God directs history with the evil and suffering that has occurred throughout history.
