Which term is most important in an argument – the middle term, the minor term, or the major term?

The middle term is most important. Because that’s how you make the connection that is found in your conclusion. It is what the person is using as proof that the other two terms should be connected with each other.

Additional information:

The word birds signifies the idea that connects the other two ideas. It is called the middle term. The middle term is always the term that appears twice in the premises, but not at all in the conclusion. It is called the “middle” term because it is what the person is using as proof that the other two terms should be connected with each other. The term “lay eggs” is called the major term. The major term is always the predicate of the conclusion. The term “ostriches” is called the minor term. The minor term is always the subject of the conclusion.

MULTIPLE CHOICE: What determines the “figure” of a syllogism?
a. where the middle term is placed

b. which combination of A, E, I, and O judgments are used, and in what order they are used

MULTIPLE CHOICE: What determines the “mood” of a syllogism?

 a. where the middle term is placed

b. which combination of A, E, I, and O judgments is used, and in what order they are used

What is a valid argument?

An argument whose conclusion must be true when its premises are true

Understand the CODE involved in the VOWELS in the following syllogism names: BARBARA, FESTINO, and DARAPTI. (NOTE: Do not worry about the code involved in the consonants.)

Each mood has a name, according to a system devised in the Middle Ages. The name uses the letters of the kinds of judgments that are used in the premises and in the conclusion. The names of 2^nd and 3^rd syllogisms have a further code embedded in their names that shows how to simplify them into nice, friendly 1^st-figure syllogisms.

-ex. BARBARA   A= All animals are cute, A= All koala bears are animals A= Therefore: All koala bears are cute.

1. BARBARA              A= All animals are cute

                                             A= All Koala bears are animals

                                                       A=Therefore: All koala bears are cute

2. FESTINO                          E= No Y is X

                                                I= Some W is X

                                                                O=Therefore: Some W is not Y 

            3. DARAPTI                         A= All X is Y

                                                        A= All X is W

                                                                                                  A= Therefore: Some W is Y

TRUE or FALSE: All valid arguments are sound

 TRUE or FALSE: All sound arguments are valid

TRUE or FALSE: Some invalid arguments are sound

 TRUE or FALSE: Some unsound arguments are valid

-False

-True

-False

-True

If it is raining, my teddy bear is getting wet

Therefore, my teddy bear is getting wet

Be able to RECOGNIZE a Modus Ponens argument if you are given a list of argument forms and you have to choose “which one is Modus Ponens?”

If P, then Q

Therefore Q

If there was a stranger my dog would bark

Therefore, there is not a stranger

Be able to RECOGNIZE a Modus Tollens argument if you are given a list of argument forms and you have to choose “which one is Modus Tollens?”

If P, then Q

Therefore not P

Vegetative powers= abilities that we, animals, and plants all have. Power=abilities.

The 3 vegetative powers are:

1. Nutrition (includes digestion of food, respiration, and excretion of waste products). Replenishing lost material and maintaining your energy level.

2. Growth (adding to the amount of matter or energy that you had before).

3. Reproduction

1. Touch--temperature, pressure, relationship of one’s body parts to each other, rough-smooth, hard-soft, etc.

2. Taste--flavors

3. Smell--odors

4. Hearing--sounds

5. Sight--colors

In a multiple choice question, be able to identify which choices are internal senses. For example:
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Which of the following is one of the five internal senses?
a. touch
b. the passive intellect
c. the will
d. memory
e. growth

D; memory is the correct answer.

The 5 internal senses:

1. The unifying sense

2. Imagination

3. Memory

4. Reminiscence

5. The estimative power

The unifying sense…

A.)   Puts the data of the external senses together into a single picture—for instance tells you that what you are seeing is what you are hearing. In other words, the unifying sense puts all our senses together to create one coherent experience.

B.)    The unifying sense also tells you which sense you are using.

TRUE or FALSE: The instincts of a non-human animal are called its “estimative power.”

False
The locomotive power has the ability to move oneself physically from place to place.

Additional notes:

*The proper sensible of a sense= the characteristic that only the sense perceives. So, for instance, sound is the proper sensible of hearing. Flavor is the proper sensible of taste.

*The common sensible=characteristics that more than one sense can pick up through picking up its proper sensible. For example, size, shape, motion. Touch and sight and both sense size and shape, for instance, And you sense the size of a thing through seeing the boundary between colors that delineate it against a background.

The two sensitive appetitive powers are the concupiscible appetite and the irascible appetite.

What does the concupiscible appetite do?

First of all the term appetite is referring to the ability to have emotions. The concupiscible appetite produces desires to get things that are easy to get and desires to avoid things that are easy to avoid. For example, simple love, hate—“I hate broccoli.” Well, it’s easy to avoid: don’t eat it!

What’s the difference between the concupiscible appetite and the irascible appetite? [HINT: Just repeat your answers from parts (a) and (b).]

The irascible appetite produces desires to get things that are hard to get and to avoid things that are hard to avoid. For example: fear, boldness, and anger. He is making it TOUCH to get what you want. Whereas the concupiscible appetite produces desires to get things that are easy to get and desires to avoid things that are easy to avoid. For example, simple love, hate—“I hate broccoli.” Well, it’s easy to avoid: don’t eat it!

The agent intellect isolates aspects of sensory images and turns them into abstract ideas.

What does the passive intellect do?

What’s the difference between the agent intellect and the passive intellect? [HINT: Just repeat your answers from parts (a) and (b).]

The agent intellect isolates aspects of sensory images and turns them into abstract ideas. On the other hand, the passive intellect receives and stores the aspects isolated by the agent intellect as abstract ideas.

What are the three rational powers that humans have?

1. The agent intellect-- isolates aspects of sensory images and turns them into abstract ideas

2. The passive intellect-- receives and stores the aspects isolated by the agent intellect as abstract ideas

3. The will—chooses in a way that can involve ideas. In philosophy talk, the will can be considered “the rational appetite” Examples, of ideas relevant to the will: “Taking it easy is good, so I won’t study for the philosophy exam” or Philosophy is fun, so I will study for the philosophy test.” Which idea is ideal to you, which one will you choose? That is up to you!

TRUE or FALSE: Vegetative powers are abilities that plants and animals have, but that humans lack.

TRUE or FALSE: A sensitive power is an ability that humans and animals have, but that plants lack.

TRUE or FALSE: Rational powers are abilities that plants lack, whereas animals and humans have them.

-FALSE

-TRUE

-FALSE

Name any two of the three pieces of evidence that we covered in class to justify the claim that we have free will. (See the back side of the Free Will handout).

1.  The feeling that you have the ability to choose at least some of your actions is so strong that it is self-evident that you have free will.

2. We blame people when they ignore our commands and advice in a way that makes it clear that we think that they had a choice about whether to listen to us. We blame then in a way that differs from the way we blame a computer or a donkey for ignoring our orders and advice. Therefore, the claim that we have free will is backed up by the common sense of mankind.

3. The incredibly wide variety of cultures and lifestyles produced in different historical eras, and even in the same historical era, is hard to explain if you claim that everything that we do is driven by instinct and laws of physics. It is much easier to explain if you suppose that we have a choice about how to live our lives.

What is the evidence that GOD is the Being Who made your soul? (Why not, say, your parents, or an angel?)

NOTICE THIS, EVEN THOUGH IT WAS NOT COVERED OUT IN CLASS: Chinese philosophers who follow Confucius also discussed aspects of human nature, such as (for example) whether we are born ALREADY ACTUALLY good or bad, or whether we are born with the POTENTIAL to become actually GOOD OR BAD. Philosophers in India have also discussed some of the topics mentioned in this course. Martin Luther King, Jr., cites Socrates, St. Augustine, and St. Thomas Aquinas as justifications for his refusal to obey laws that enforce Injustice rather than Justice.

Therefore, themes covered in this class do show up in civilizations besides Western civilization, and amongst people who are not white. The expression of Philosophy amongst the founders of our civilization was our focus, for various reasons such as their clarity and importance and so forth, but the ideas of ancient Greeks (for instance) apply to us non-Greeks, too, as I hope you noticed.

Confucius is even painted on one of the four walls of the Minnesota State Supreme Court Chambers in the state capitol building right here in St. Paul. The ideas that we covered in this course are not meant only for our civilization – they apply and can be recognized by people around the world. Who cares what skin color Socrates or Aristotle or St. Thomas Aquinas or Confucius had, or what piece of turf they came from? They explained the same reality that humans around the world experience every day. Socrates and Confucius might or might not agree or be right on every question, but they share a deep concern for justice, for instance.

EXTRA CREDIT QUESTION: The test will contain an extra credit question based on the handout entitled “A Brief History of Modern Philosophy.” If you read all six pages of it and become reasonably familiar with its contents, you’ll be able to recognize which topics ARE discussed in the handout and which ARE NOT. And then you’ll get the extra credit question right, as a reward for reading something that really you should find intensely interesting anyway – how the battle between philosophies has shaped the world we live in today.

EXTRA CREDIT QUESTION: The test will contain an extra credit question based on the handout entitled “A Brief History of Modern Philosophy.” If you read all six pages of it and become reasonably familiar with its contents, you’ll be able to recognize which topics ARE discussed in the handout and which ARE NOT. And then you’ll get the extra credit question right, as a reward for reading something that really you should find intensely interesting anyway – how the battle between philosophies has shaped the world we live in today.

Be able to identify the major premiss, the minor premiss, and the conclusion in any argument that is given to you.

All birds lay eggs—major premise

Therefore, all ostriches lay eggs—conclusion

Some trees in St. Paul have Dutch elm disease -- major premise

Therefore, some trees in St. Paul should be cut down -- conclusion

Pets that attack children are not nice—major premise

Therefore, none of my neighbor’s pets are nice.--conclusion

Identify the major premiss, the minor premiss, and the conclusion in the following argument:
“Smart students love logic. We are smart students. So, we love logic.”

Smart students love logic—major premise

Therefore, we love logic—conclusion

Premises are judgments that are used to prove a conclusion

How many universes are totally disconnected from the physical universe, ACCORDING TO PLATO?

One, The World of Forms

The physical and the non-physical dimensions of reality are not completely disconnected from/ inaccessible to each other (length,width,height,time).

What proof was given in class to show that the non-physical aspects of reality are not totally disconnected from the physical aspects of reality?

We learn about AI and other non-physical aspects of reality through the physical aspects of reality, so the physical aspects and the non-physical aspects of reality relevant to each other. Our soul is a non-physical aspect of reality. If someone cuts us open once we die, they will see our guts, not our abstract ideas within us. For example, they would not see what we believed to be justice, love, bravery, etc. Human beings happen to be in the middle because we have a physical and non-physical aspect.

TRUE or FALSE: Aristotle thinks that there is only one universe, but it has different aspects and things inside it: some physical aspects/items and some non-physical aspects/items.

False, maybe everything in the physical world changes, but not every aspect of every physical thing totally changes every second. For example, there are some aspects about Fido the dog that still remain the same. Things do not change in every way in every second. Fido barked now and he was able to bark two minutes ago. Fido has four legs now and he had four legs two minutes ago.

(a) What do we call the aspect inside a physical thing that makes it ABLE to change?

(b) Speaking crudely, what do we call the “stuff” inside a thing? [HINT: Part (a) and part (b) have the same one-word answer.]

 (a) What do we call the aspects inside a physical thing that make it ACTUALLY what it currently is?

(b) Speaking crudely, what do we call the aspects (inside a physical thing) that structure its stuff? [HINT: Part (a) and part (b) have the same one-word answer.]

What does Aristotle mean by the term “matter”? (HINT: See # 195.) UNDERSTAND the answer.

What is the most basic meaning of the term “form,” according to Aristotle? (HINT: See # 196.) UNDERSTAND the answer.

NOTICE THIS: Aristotle says that abstract ideas are MENTALLY ISOLATED forms, so they are indeed one kind of form. But in order to even understand the definition of abstract ideas as a kind of form, you have to already understand some more basic definition of the word “form.” Therefore, “abstract idea” is NOT the most basic meaning of the term “form,” in Aristotle’s terminology.

NOTICE THIS: Aristotle says that abstract ideas are MENTALLY ISOLATED forms, so they are indeed one kind of form. But in order to even understand the definition of abstract ideas as a kind of form, you have to already understand some more basic definition of the word “form.” Therefore, “abstract idea” is NOT the most basic meaning of the term “form,” in Aristotle’s terminology.

the Theory of Abstraction in a way that uses the terms “mentally,” “matter,” and “form” and that identifies a kind of ISOLATION that goes on.

There is some stability/ structure inside physical things. In abstraction you mentally isolate a form from matter-in your mind, the isolated form then becomes an Abstract ideas.

The word “hylomorphism” comes from two Greek words. What does HYLE mean?

What does MORPHE mean?

Who was the first hylomorphist?

TRUE or FALSE: Aristotle was a hylomorphist.

TRUE or FALSE: Plato was a hylomorphist.

- It is greek for matter

- It means form

-Aristotle

-True

-False

The name hylomorphism is the name of the theory that physical things have both matter and form.

What does the theory of hylomorphism teach about the relationship of the human body and the human soul?

What hylomorphism says about the relationship of the human body and the human soul is that your soul is still more important than your body because your soul is using your body to gather data and to carry out plans, so your soul is in charge of your body and also your soul is immortal. It also says that your body and your soul are two different aspects of 1 person:YOU!  BODY=MATTER. SOUL=FORM.

What are the three conditions that a thing can be in with respect to the question of whether or not it exists, according to Aristotle?

TRUE or FALSE: Aristotle thinks that the human soul is more important than the human body.

TRUE or FALSE: Aristotle thinks that the human soul is more important than the human body, but he thinks that the human body is more valuable than Plato and St. Augustine think.

TRUE or FALSE: Aristotle thinks that the human body is more important than the human soul, but he also thinks that the human soul is more important than materialists do.

-True

-True

-False

TRUE or FALSE: "Thomists" are those who take St. Thomas Aquinas as their teacher in philosophy.

TRUE or FALSE: Another name for the Perennial Philosophy is “Thomism,” since St. Thomas Aquinas did so much to build on and perfect the Perennial Philosophy.

ANSWER EACH OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: Which basic truth of common sense is denied by . . .

(a)materialists (such as the early pre-Socratics were, and such as some people today still are)?

(b) Pythagoras?

(c) Heraclitus?

(d) Parmenides and Zeno?

(e) Sophists?

(f) Socrates?

(g) Plato?

(h) St. Augustine?

a. abstract ideas

b. non-numerical

c. stabllity/structure

d.motion

e. objective truth

f. we sometimes know what is right but still do the wrong thing

g. that we sometimes learn new things

h.we learn by analyzing the data of our 5 senses

TRUE or FALSE: According to what we learned in class, Aristotle was the first philosopher to respect all the most general, basic truths of common sense.

TRUE or FALSE: To say that Aristotle is the first philosopher to respect all the most general, basic truths of common sense is the same as saying that he is absolutely right in everything he ever said. So, after he died, people like St. Thomas Aquinas built on Aristotle’s philosophy, but there was never any need to correct any errors in Aristotle’s philosophy.

-True

-False

NOTICE these reasons why part (b) was false: There are places where Aristotle goes beyond what we can know by mere common sense, like when he gives explanations of scientific phenomena that are hard to see without microscopes and telescopes. Since he did not have microscopes and telescopes, he sometimes makes errors about the laws of physics and chemistry and biology. – AND: There are a few other places where he simply misapplies common sense, or explains the facts of common sense in a faulty way.

But NOTICE THIS, TOO: Aristotle’s genius was to respect all the facts of common sense and to TRY to explain them. (Like his analysis of motion, or his description of how learning happens, or his account of the extent to which happiness can be obtained during life on earth.) And, as future generations who became Perennial Philosophers realized, he was USUALLY successful!

NOTICE these reasons why part (b) was false: There are places where Aristotle goes beyond what we can know by mere common sense, like when he gives explanations of scientific phenomena that are hard to see without microscopes and telescopes. Since he did not have microscopes and telescopes, he sometimes makes errors about the laws of physics and chemistry and biology. – AND: There are a few other places where he simply misapplies common sense, or explains the facts of common sense in a faulty way.

But NOTICE THIS, TOO: Aristotle’s genius was to respect all the facts of common sense and to TRY to explain them. (Like his analysis of motion, or his description of how learning happens, or his account of the extent to which happiness can be obtained during life on earth.) And, as future generations who became Perennial Philosophers realized, he was USUALLY successful!

There are at least three subjects that were never systematically studied by anyone before Aristotle. NAME any two of these subjects.

Biologist, and logician, zoologist, physics, poetry

BASED ON CLASS LECTURE AND/OR YOUR TEXTBOOK, what are some examples of behaviors that are found among humans but not among animals?

Admire art. Schools of aritechture, do not try out new ideas, fashion or dress, cook our food, language with conscious order/grammar.

 For example, bees can make beautiful bee hives but they don’t put it on display or admire it. Crickets can make music but don’t find themselves conducting symphonies.

The explanation of why we do these things is that we are “rational.” That is, we have ‘reason.” What is meant by the term “rational” (or “reason”)?

Why are we able to do these things? Because man has reason—man is rational, meaning humans are able to apprehend abstract ideas. We understand the abstract idea of beauty and why we paint our walls and

Hang pictures/paintings, etc.

The way humans dress reflects ideas. Ideas involved in making a shirt or a dress, etc. We prepare food, animals do not. Polly doesn’t know what a direct object is. When we throw in new words the animal cannot figure out the context, they have no concept of direct objects like humans do. Animals do not write poetry or history, only we (humans) can leave records behind even though animals have memory. Humans notice things that are more important than physical things. We show that we respect ideas. Animals cannot pray, follow codes of law, overthrow forms of government, politics, philosophy, etc.

What famous definition of “man” (or “human being”) did we cover in class?

TRUE or FALSE: According to class lecture, a famous definition of man is “the rational animal.”

Man is known as “the rational animal”

Rational=able to apprehend abstract ideas

Animal= has body and senses

-tRUE

Logic can be defined as the first causes and principles of rational thinking

1. Simple apprehension

2. Judgment

3. Reasoning

The act of the intellect where you actually understand an individual abstract ideas/concept. For example, “fish”, “purple”,  and “angry”.

Simple apprehension involves making definitions

DESCRIBE what is meant by JUDGEMNT and give EXAMPLES.

Putting two or more abstract ideas together to form a true or false statement. For example, “All politicians are honest” This statement can be evaluated but you have to have the concept of politicians and honesty to be able to judge if a statement is really true/false. “Some dogs are friendly” This judgment involves making a claim about the way things really are.

Putting multiply judgments together to form an argument. Reasoning involves putting premises together to prove a conclusion.

 Premises: are judgments that are used to prove a conclusion

For example:

All mammals are warm blooded

Therefore, All dolphins are warm blooded

**** A piece of reasoning is called a syllogism.

Why do some people prefer Symbolic Logic over Aristotle’s Logic?

The estimative power works together with the intellect, so that you can apply your ideas to individual physical things. So , in us it is sometimes called “cognitive power” For instance, you see the bottle-and- crossbones on it, and with the estimative sense you connect that to your general, abstract, intellectual idea that “bottles of poison are harmful” So you do not drink it.  In other words, man makes a connection between abstract ideas and the actual world right here, right now. In animals, this is simply just an instinct. The sheep just knows that wolves are harmful, NO CONNECTION IS BEING MADE.

Whatever can contain totally non-material abstract ideas must itself be totally non-material

Therefore, the human soul is totally non-material

Abstract ideas are not confined to one place and time. You can’t squeeze justice into a tube and then later squeeze it back out like toothpaste. You can’t imprison the abstract idea that 2+3=5 in a jail. You can’t store the abstract definition of love in a bucket. Justice, 2+3=5, and the understanding of love are not confined inside a tube, jail, a bucket… or a human skull. The brain is obviously quite relevant to human thought, but it is not the part of you that actually contains ideas. The part of you that contains abstract ideas can’t be found with surgical instruments-all the surgeon sees is gray stuff in your skull

The first sentence of part (a) was correct. The second sentence was correct, too. But the third sentence was incorrect. Why doesn’t the third sentence follow from the first two sentences? (See handout, page 4, sentence beginning with the word “However.”)

305. What philosophical argument on page 4 of the handout shows that your soul will be rewarded or punished in the afterlife?

Which act of the intellect includes making definitions?

An informal definition of SUBSTANCE is “an object”.  (not positive on this one)

A formal definition of SUBSTANCE is “a being whose nature it is to exist in itself”

EXPLAIN and UNDERSTAND what is meant by the term ACCIDENT. (We learned both an informal way of describing it and a formal definition – know both.)

An informal definition of ACCIDENT is  an abstract idea of a characteristc that an object currently has. "Accident" The difference between a thing and the characteristic of a thing.

A formal definition of ACCIDENT is “a being whose nature it is to exist in something else”

Give an example of a “substance.”

Give an example of an “accident.”

-Cat (objects:nouns)

-Purple, angry (adverbs, adjectives)

Being Acted on

Acting

Relation

Time

Place

Position

State

Quality

Substance

Being acted on:   being kicked, was thrown, is loved, has been arrested.  (usually represented by passive voice terms) The subject receives the action

Acting: kicking, threw, loved, has arrested.  (Usually represented by active voice terms)

Relation: up, down, left, right, parent, offspring, fatter than. These concepts implies/pts to another concept

Time: 3:30 PM CST, 2010, today

Place: In Minnesota, at the kitchen window, in the milky way galaxy

Position: Sitting, kneeling, upside down

State: wearing a jacket, armed with a knife

Quality: angry, sad, hot, cold, purple, sweet, scent

Quantity: how much/how many, includes geometry of an are

Substance: cat, dog, tree, snowflake, iron

Give an example of a tree of Porphyry.

What is a GENUS?

What is a SPECIES?

What is a SUMMUM GENUS?

Not all speech is lying. But: “A lie is speech contrary to one’s own thought.”
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ABOUT THIS PROPOSED DEFINITION OF LYING:

(a) In this proposed definition of lying, what is the genus?
(b) What is the species?
(c) What is the specific difference? 

-A speech

-Lie

-Contray to one's own thought

Some balls are for bowling. Others are for baseball. But: “A basketball is a ball whose purpose is to be shot into a hoop.”
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ABOUT THIS PROPOSED DEFINITION OF BASKetBALL:
(a) What is the genus?

(b) What is the species?

(c) What is the specific difference?

-Ball

- A basketball

-Whoose purpose is to be shot into the hooop

-Phone

-Cell Phone

-Portable

TRUE or FALSE: In a definition, the genus always precedes the specific difference.

TRUE or FALSE: In a definition, the specific difference always precedes the genus.

-False

-False

What’s the difference between pencils and other writing instruments? “A pencil is a graphite-tipped writing instrument.”
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ABOUT THIS PROPOSED DEFINITION OF PENCIL:
(a) What is the genus?

(b) What is the species?
(c) What is the specific difference?

-writing instrument

-pencil

-graphite-tipped

-Texture

-Rough

-Whose surface consists of tiny bumps

Which part of logic studies the Square of Opposition? 
a. the part that deals with simple apprehension
b. the part that deals with judgment
c. the part that deals with reasoning

The part that deals with judgment

What is an A judgment? Give an EXAMPLE.

What is an I judgment? Give an EXAMPLE.

Some “x” is “y”.  Some Politicians are honest.  At least one of my friends is rich. 

258. DRAW the Square of Opposition. LABEL all four corners. STATE what each of the corners stands for. LABEL the contraries, the contradictories, the subcontraries, and the subalterns.

MULTIPLE CHOICE: “A few of the students did not study later than 9:00pm.” This is an example of an . . .
a. A judgment b. E judgment c. I judgment d. O judgment

MULTIPLE CHOICE: “No man is an island.” This is an example of an . . .
a. A judgment b. E judgment c. I judgment d. O judgment

MULTIPLE CHOICE: “Every bicyclist loves St. Paul.” This is an example of an . . .
a. A judgment b. E judgment c. I judgment d. O judgment

-O judgment

-E judgment

-A judgment

“All firefighters are brave.” ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ABOUT THIS JUDGMENT:

(a) What is the contradictory of this judgment (or does it lack a contradictory)?

(b) What is the contrary of this judgment (or does it lack a contrary)?

(c) What is the subcontrary of this judgment (or does it lack a subcontrary)?

(d) Does this judgment have a subaltern? If so, what is it? If not, what judgment is it the subaltern of?

(e) If you are arguing against someone who says “all firefighters are brave,” state the judgment that you should be trying to prove.

a.) Some fire fighters are not brave

b.) No fire fighters are brave

c.) Lacks a subcontrary

d.) Yes, some fire fighters are brave

e.) Some fire fighters are not brave

“Some trains arrive on time in St. Paul.”

(a) What is the contradictory of this judgment (or does it lack a contradictory)?

(b) What is the contrary of this judgment (or does it lack a contrary)?

(c) What is the subcontrary of this judgment (or does it lack a subcontrary)?

(d) Does this judgment have a subaltern? If so, what is it? If not, what judgment is it the subaltern of?

(e) If you are arguing against someone who says “Some trains arrive on time in St. Paul,” state the judgment that you should be trying to prove.

a.) No trains arrive on time in St.Paul

b.) Lacks a contrary

c.) Some trains are not on time in St. Paul
d.) All trains are on time in St. Paul

e.) No trains arrive on time in St. Paul

MULTIPLE CHOICE: When you are in a debate, you should try to prove the ________ of your opponent’s position.
a. contrary b. subcontrary c. contradictory d. subaltern e. judgment that your opponent’s position is subaltern of

WHY should you NOT try to prove the contrary of your opponent’s position?

WHY should you NOT try to prove the subcontrary of your opponent’s position?

) WHY should you NOT try to prove the subaltern of your opponent’s position (nor the judgment that your opponent’s position is the subaltern of)?

269. (a) Be able to identify the major term, the minor term, and the middle term in any argument that is given to you.

(b) Identify the major term, the middle term, and the minor term in the following argument:
“Some UST students are geniuses.
All UST students are rich.
Therefore, some rich people are geniuses.”

middle term= students

minor term= geniuses

major term= rich