Term
| Important features of the domain Archaea |
|
Definition
-does not include pathogens
-can survive in many different environments (halophiles=130-150F water, methanogens=animal colons)
-lack peptidoglycan |
|
|
Term
| What is endospore formation? |
|
Definition
-survival mechanism
-makes the bacteria extremely resistant to outside forces
-this is not a reproductive mechanism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chemicals applied to the body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens
-must be safe enough to use on skin or other tissues |
|
|
Term
| 7 major methods of sterilization: |
|
Definition
-incineration
-dry oven
-steam/pressure
-ionizing radiation
-gas (ethylene oxide)
-cold sterilization (chemical)
-mechanical filtration of liquids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The removal of microbes from a surface by scrubbing.
examples include:
-washing hands
-prepping skin for injection
*this is better than chemical action and reduces the greatest number of microbes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disinfection of public places/items. Reduces the number of pathogenic microbes to an acceptable level in order to meet public health standards. |
|
|
Term
| What are some practical concerns regarding basic microbial control? |
|
Definition
1. Is sterilization required (to meet some public safety standard?)
2. Can the items be reused? or must they be discarded?
3. can the item withstand control methods?
4. is the method suitable for the given application? (i.e. harsh chemicals may not be acceptable for use as antiseptics) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HEPA filters can filter out pathogens and bacteria from the air. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Composed a system of classification based on observed characteristics
-Standardized naming (binomial, latin)
-defined a species as those who successfully interbreed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-DNA based
-Phylogenetic hierarchy
-Descending from a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
| What is an endospore stain used for? |
|
Definition
Identification of clostridium and bacillus. Presence and location of endospore helps to identify the bacterium.
example:
C. Botulinum (terminal)
B. Anthracis (large and central) |
|
|
Term
| Factors affecting the death rate of microbes: |
|
Definition
1. overall number of microbes
2. the type of microbes
3. Temperature & pH
4. concentration of agent used
5. mode of action of agent (is it cidal or static?)
6. presence of organic matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An acidic stain is used on the background and a basic stain is injected into the body of the bacteria. The halo in between is the capsule because it does not react to either acidic or basic stains. |
|
|
Term
| Describe cell division in prokaryotes: |
|
Definition
-reproduce asexually (clone themselves)
-mutations cause diversity, clonal evolution takes place
-conjugation and transformation increase genetic diversity |
|
|
Term
| The rapid evolution of prokaryotes increases infectious disease. How? |
|
Definition
| Mutations will continue to outpace original growth of bacteria. Making it harder to fight with specific antibiotics. Which causes the thriving strain of bacteria to continue to infect a population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Is an ancestor of the chloroplast
-Participates in photosynthesis (Makes O2)
-Nitrogen fixation is inhibited by O2
*This bacteria may have been the very start of organelles and more complex structures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used phenol to disinfect before surgery. One of the first to recognize the need to disinfect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associated known cases of cholera with water borne infection. |
|
|
Term
| Who was Alexander Fleming? |
|
Definition
| Came up with the idea of the magic bullet to fight disease. In this case, he discovered penicillin, which is an antibiotic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| He was described as the "savior of mothers." He concluded that childbed fever (infections that occurred after childbirth) could be reduced by hand disinfection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Causes a variety of human illnesses including:
-strep throat (pharyngitis)
-impetigo (a type of skin infection)
-necrotizing fasciitis
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| faculative intracellular parasites that are carried by animals and mostly affect animals, but can be seen in humans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The bacteria that causes cholera |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the bacteria that causes syphillis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the bacteria that causes meningitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gram + bacteria with no cell walls, pleomorphic and is part of the class of bacteria that causes walking pneumonia
*Genetically Gram +, but tests Gram - because there is no peptidoglycan. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The occurrance of two or more structural forms in an organisms life cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA molecule separate from the organism that can transfer information
examples: genes, antibiotic resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Also known as DNA sequencing, Sanger developed rapid DNA sequencing because he discovered that nucleotides pair in a specific way.
example: C--G, A--T etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA molecule separate from the organism that can transfer information
examples: genes, antibiotic resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Also known as DNA sequencing, Sanger developed rapid DNA sequencing because he discovered that nucleotides pair in a specific way.
example: C--G, A--T etc. |
|
|
Term
| Franklin, Watson and Crick: |
|
Definition
| Credited with discovering the structure of DNA. |
|
|
Term
| Hershey and Chase are credited with: |
|
Definition
| discovering that DNA is the basis for heredity. |
|
|
Term
| Avery, McCleod and McCarty: |
|
Definition
| Said that DNA is the transforming principle. The transforming principle was first described in Griffith's work. But Avery, McCleod and McCarty expanded on this and concluding that DNA was what altered the genetics of known bacterial strains. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used two strains of bacteria and infected rats with it. When the two strains were added to each other their virulence was altered.
This was the beginning of discovering that DNA was transformed and was the transforming principle. |
|
|
Term
| Explain Hershey and Chase's experiment: |
|
Definition
1. Mix radioactive phages with bacteria. The phages will then infect the bacteria.
2. Agitate in a blender to separate phages outside the bacteria from the cells and their contents.
3. Centrifuge the mixture so bacteria collect at the bottom of the tube.
4. Measure remaining radioactivity.
-This proved DNA was the transforming principle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA is transcribed by RNA via RNA polymerase. RNA translates RNA code into protein via ribosomes. |
|
|
Term
| How are bacteria identified in general? What kind of tests could we do? |
|
Definition
-metabolism
-shape
-arrangement
-staining
-serology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Serology is the study of blood serum and other bodily fluids. Usually refers to antibodies in the blood created in response to infection. |
|
|
Term
| What is a bacteriostatic agent? |
|
Definition
| Something that inhibits but doesn't necessarily kill bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| know that post 9/11, the US postal service began irradiating the mail with high voltage electron beams used to kill bacteria after bacillus antracis was found in mail. |
|
|
Term
| How do microbicidal agents work? |
|
Definition
-disrupt cell wall or membrane
-prevent synthesis of nucleic acids
-alter the function of cellular proteins |
|
|
Term
| Microbial death rates when Microbicides are used: |
|
Definition
-constant % of cells die over time
-not all killed simultaneously
-calculating the microbial death rates helps us to tell how long sterilization is required |
|
|
Term
| Methods of microbial control: |
|
Definition
Heat: moist or dry
Radiation: high energy waves can enter bacterial cells and damage them
Filtration: removes microbes from air and liquid
Chemical: antimicrobials such as halogens, alcohols or detergents are used. |
|
|
Term
| Using heat as microbial control: |
|
Definition
| Generally, the higher the temperature the more likely the effect is microbicidal. The lower the temperature the more likely it is microbistatic. |
|
|
Term
| How are steam and pressure used for microbial control? |
|
Definition
when high pressure and high temperature are both used, it will kill endospores.
This is also known as autoclaving. |
|
|
Term
| How are refrigeration and freezing used for microbial control? |
|
Definition
refrigeration and freezing act as microbistatics.
the main exception to this is the bacteria listeria. It can survive and reproduce in a refrigerated environment. |
|
|
Term
| How is radiation used to control microbial growth? |
|
Definition
Ionization can disrupt DNA and interfere with protein synthesis.
UV radiation will lead to formation of abnormal bonds (thymine dimers). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gram +: Thick peptidoglycan. Stains purple with crystal violet.
Gram -: Thin peptidoglycan. Stains pink with safranin.
*older cells wont stain correctly. |
|
|
Term
| Acid fast staining (Ziehl-Neelsen): |
|
Definition
| Mainly used for myobacterium tumerculosis. This bacteria has a waxy outer membrane composed of mycolic acid which allows for acid fast staining. Methylene blue is used as a counterstain, so acid-fast bacilli stain bright red in contrast. |
|
|
Term
| What is LCMV? Recall from clinical correlates. |
|
Definition
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.
-rodent born (house mouse)
-virus is found in rodent's saliva, urine and feces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gram - bacteria which enters other Gram - cells in a parasitic fashion using enzymes and a drilling motion.
Has a virus-like lifecycle
-many cells from one infection. Does not host machinery. |
|
|
Term
| S layer (or Surface layer): |
|
Definition
-Layer of protein on the cell surface
-found in bacteria and archaea
-ancient cell wall structure for stability
-attachment
-virulence: prevents immune recognition and attachment to host
*used in nanotechnology: filtration/circuits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria, Eukarya and Archaea |
|
|
Term
| Azidothymidine (AZT/ZDT), an antiretroviral: |
|
Definition
Thymidine analog (N3 at 3')
-works as a transcriptase inhibitor
-this terminates viral replication. |
|
|
Term
| Translation and transcription occur at the same time in what type of organism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photocopies DNA in the form of RNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
redundant and universal. this helps the organism to anticipate for transcription or translation mistakes.
ex:
UUU, UUC =Phen.
UUA, UUG =Leu. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. codon recognition
2. peptide bond formation
3. translocation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 languages coming together and being translated. Nucleic acids combine to form amino acids. amino acids combine to form proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are a heritable change in the DNA sequence. Not all mutations change proteins. This is because there is redundancy built into the genetic code. |
|
|
Term
| Horizontal DNA transfer: Transduction |
|
Definition
| Genes can be shared and transferred between organisms. This could help bacteria to encode resistance to certain drugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. |
|
|
Term
| How do we control microbes in the environment? |
|
Definition
Historically:
-drying foods
-salting, smoking, pickling
-osmotic control (sugars, salts)
-boiling
-burning |
|
|
Term
| Equine salmonella outbreak: |
|
Definition
-acquired from the hospital (nosocomial)
-after disinfection, salmonella was not found.
--then 2 more cases... |
|
|
Term
| Sometimes microbes are _______ removed from materials but not killed or inhibited. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a -cidal agent and a -static agent? |
|
Definition
cidal: kill microbes by damaging the cell
static: temporarily inhibit reproduction of microbes |
|
|
Term
| Variable resistance of microbes: |
|
Definition
Highest resistance:
-bacterial endospores
-prions
Moderate resistance:
-protozoan cysts
-naked virus
-staph. aureus
Least resistance:
-bac. vegetative cells
-fungal spores
-enveloped virus
-yeast
-protozoan trophozoites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the mechanical removal of most microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Complete removal or destruction of all viable microorganisms. Used on inanimate objects.
*works on everything except prions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The distruction or removal of vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores. Usually used only on inanimate objects.
examples include: UV light, heat, alcohol, bleach.
**does not guarantee all pathogens are eliminated. |
|
|
Term
| Methods of microbial control: |
|
Definition
-sterilization
-disinfection
-antisepsis
-decontamination |
|
|
Term
| Main reasons for microbial control: |
|
Definition
| limit spread of disease. limit food spoilage. |
|
|
Term
| 1980's canine parvovirus epidemic |
|
Definition
-entire litters of puppies died within 24 hours
-humane society and shelters had to close
-bleach was effective but it didn't always work.
--bleach is inactivated by organic matter and the virus was surviving because of this. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce spoilage in food and beverages.
-Historically: 30 min @63C
-Flash pasteurization: 15 seconds @ 72C
-UHT pasteurization: 1 sec @134C |
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to know if an infection is viral or bacterial? |
|
Definition
| bacteria can be treated with antibiotics. Viruses cannot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aggregates of microorganisms.
-2/3 of human infections are caused by biofilms which end up in IV fluids and other hospital equipment due to use of improper sterile technique. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-involved in attachment and immune recognition
-uropathogenic (e.coli uses fimbriae to adhere to the urinary tract)
-primary mechanism for virulence of e.coli and staph bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a corkscrew shaped bacteria.
-motile via axial filaments which are non-immunogenic
-it's corkscrew motion imbeds pathogens into the tissues
-cause diseases such as syphilis, bejel, pinta and yaws. |
|
|
Term
| conjugation (aka cell sex): |
|
Definition
| involves partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacterial movement
-positive chemotaxis --> movement toward a nutrient
-negative chemotaxis --> movement away from a nutrient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| confirs motility to an organism. the number of flagella help in identification. |
|
|
Term
| Can you vaccinate after infection has occurred? |
|
Definition
| In some cases, like with rabies, the virus is slow to grow. If you are vaccinated within 5-7 days, your body will become immune. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal mass of tissue |
|
|
Term
| These two anatomical regions of the cell may be bacteria incorporated into the cell, as proposed by endosymbiotic theory: |
|
Definition
-chloroplasts
-mitochondira |
|
|
Term
| Are microbes typically positive or negatively charged? |
|
Definition
| most microbes are negatively charged and they will move toward positively charged nutrient sources (via chemotaxis). |
|
|
Term
| How are bacteria quantified in samples? |
|
Definition
# of cfu/volume
*cfu=colony forming units |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The genome is the total content of DNA. The blueprint for life. |
|
|
Term
| What is a nosocomial infection? |
|
Definition
| An infection acquired from the hospital. |
|
|
Term
| How does temperature affect bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Temperature alters the shape of enzymes and lipids. Therefore the working enzymes and lipids that are constituent to a bacteria must operate at a specific temperature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| require low oxygen levels to survive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can use oxygen, but it is not essential. |
|
|
Term
| faculative anaerobic organisms: |
|
Definition
| can use respiration (oxygen) but can also switch to fermentation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydrogen peroxide is broken down by what enzyme? |
|
Definition
| Catalase. 2H2O2 --> 2H2O + O2 |
|
|
Term
| Superoxide dismutase destroys: |
|
Definition
| superoxide radicals. 2O2- + 2H+ --> H2O2 + O2 |
|
|
Term
| In ________ different electron acceptors are used in the absence of oxygen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease was first described by John Snow. It affects cell channels and transport (diffusion) systems causing dehydration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These groups of bacteria are clonal and when plates are grown, massive evolution can occur. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the manner in which an organism can spread disease. |
|
|
Term
| How can you tell if a bacteria is using the sugar in a medium? |
|
Definition
-it produces acid via fermentation
-it changes in pH (see above)
-might also produce gas |
|
|
Term
| What is the transforming principle? |
|
Definition
| DNA. Bacterial DNA was separated into virulent and non-virulent. When they mixed together, the non-virulent became virulent again. This was because the genes of the cells intermingled. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the life cycle of bacteriophages: |
|
Definition
1. phage attaches to bacterial cell
2. phage injects DNA
3. phage DNA directs host cell to make more phage DNA and protein parts. New phages then assemble.
4. Cell lyses and releases new phages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a virus that infects bacteria |
|
|
Term
| How does flagellar movement differ in eukaryotes and prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
eukaryotes: whip-like
prokaryotes: rotating movement |
|
|
Term
| Many cells have glycocalyx. How does this put them at risk? |
|
Definition
| Viruses also have glycocalyx with which they can bind with normal glycocalyx. This allows for viruses to bind and invade bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| The outer surface of many cells has a sugar coating composed of polysaccharides bound to proteins. This structure is ________, it functions as a receptor site. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another name for a cell wall constructed of repeating subunits of NAG and NAMs. This cell wall is affected by Beta-lactam drugs that block NAM cross linking in growing cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This man identified the antibiotic penicillin which produces the "zone of inhibition." |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treponema pallidum causes this disease: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Paul Ehrlich first described a "magic bullet." What did he mean by this? |
|
Definition
| Antimicrobials. These were first identified when Ehrlich used stains to identify disease causing cells and then later when he was able to kill the disease without killing the person. |
|
|
Term
| What is an attenuated vaccine? |
|
Definition
A vaccine that has elements of disease causing agent which are reduced in virulence. some examples include:
-pasteurella multocida
-chicken cholera
-anthrax
-rabies |
|
|
Term
| What is Edward Jenner known for realizing? |
|
Definition
Jenner realized that people who worked with dairy very rarely contracted smallpox. This is because these people were exposed to cowpox (which is less virulent than smallpox).
Jenner then vaccinated 8 year old James Phipps (he hadn't been previously exposed to either smallpox or cowpox). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subjective, objective, assessment, plan |
|
|
Term
| Helicobacter pylori infects: |
|
Definition
| the lower part of the stomach and causes inflammation in the gastric mucosa. (ulcers) |
|
|
Term
| Barry Marshall first described this bacteria which is Gram -, helical and causes ulcers because it produces urease which alters local pH and causes it to become more alkaline. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About 50% of people have helicobacter pylori colonies in their stomachs, only __% will get ulcer disease. |
|
Definition
10-15%
*a very small percentage will also get stomach cancer. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the purpose of electron transport: |
|
Definition
| molecules carry electrons across the membranes of mitochondria creating a hydrogen gradient which produces energy. |
|
|
Term
| The most common infection in women ages 20-30. Causes an increase in pH in the vagina. This increases risk of STDs and PID. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 bacteria can alter the flora in an environment? |
|
Definition
-clostridium
-bacterial vaginosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the major groups of microbes? |
|
Definition
-bacteria
-algae
-protozoa
-helminths
-fungi |
|
|
Term
| How are microorganisms isolated? |
|
Definition
| most does not grow on artificial media. must purify from a complex sample. isolation of causative agent is difficult. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Development and use of drugs to treat infectious diseases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of antibodies in blood serum to test for infection. |
|
|
Term
| Why was pasteurization originally invented? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fast, low heat which kills organisms but retains flavor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all living things are composed of cells. All cells come from other cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Archaea lack this feature of the cell wall: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These "true nucleus" cells have organelles and are compartmentalized. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This microbe is comprised of protein and nucleic acid. It requires a host. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of motility is often seen in food poisoning with such microbes as listeria monocytogenes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This microbe grows at relatively low temperatures (allowing it to grow and multiply in refrigerators). It also disproportionately affects pregnant women. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the bacteria that causes flesh eating bacteria? |
|
Definition
Strep. Pyogenes. It causes necrotizing fasciitis. Scarlet fever is also a complication of strep. pyogenes.
* Gram + cocci, it grows in chains recovered from surgical sites. |
|
|
Term
| Whooping cough is caused by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does bordetella pertussis make people sick? |
|
Definition
| Whooping cough kills cillia and they are unable to move in their usual whip-like fashion. |
|
|
Term
| This disease causes lipid accumulation in brain cells because lysosomes and peroxisomes are not functioning properly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of agar is both selective and differential. It is selective in the sense that it contains crystal violet which kills Gram + bacteria and it will also host a variety of gram negative bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Koch's postulates? |
|
Definition
1. Causative agent is found in every case of disease which is not in healthy hosts.
2. Agent must be isolated outside of the host.
3. When re-introduced it must cause the same disease.
4. Same agent must be re-isolated from the infected host. |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis is described as: |
|
Definition
| the mechanism by which a disease is caused |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria and archaea are considered: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What component made wine good? What made it go bad? |
|
Definition
good wine had yeast
bad wine had abundant bacteria |
|
|
Term
| This bacteria stains red on an acid-fast test: |
|
Definition
| tuberculosis (tubercle bacillus) |
|
|
Term
| This early epidemiologist, tracked cholera in London. He was also an anesthesiologist and the nature of gases helped him to understand how cholera spread through the population. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why and how would e.coli act as an indicator organism? |
|
Definition
| Poop shouldn't be in the water. If e. coli is present, other more dangerous organisms could also be present. |
|
|
Term
| Hospital hygiene and control of nosocomial infections is known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the cause of diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| frequency, distribution and spread of diseases |
|
|
Term
| This deltaproteobacteria is Gram - and forms a community of reproductive structures when food is limited. It's survival structure is called a myxospore. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-stains lysosomes red
-used as a general stain and as a counter stain
-added to growth media for bacteria and cell cultures
-acts as a pH indicator changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8-8.0 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does each letter stand for in the DAMN NIT classification of disease? |
|
Definition
Degenerative
Anomaly
Metabolic
Nutritional
Neoplastic
Inflammatory/Infectious
Traumatic/Toxic |
|
|
Term
| Eukaryotes with both filamentous and cellular forms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical that alters physiology in any manner. |
|
|
Term
| Drugs that act against diseases and drugs that are used for treating infections are known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A substance produced by natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the 1900's, 1/3rd of all children died of infectious diseases before the age of 5. Ehrlich termed the use of the word chemotherapy and popularized the concept of the magic bullet. This is the history that led to the discovery of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Semi-synthetic antimicrobials: |
|
Definition
| These antimicrobials are made by altering the chemical structure of antibiotics. They are often more effective and lost longer and also usually easier to administer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antimicrobials that are completely synthesized in the lab. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Kirby-Bauer method? |
|
Definition
| It is a test in which antibiotic-impregnated wafers are inserted into cultures of bacteria to test which bacteria are susceptible to which antibiotics. |
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to distinguish the stages of infectious diseases? |
|
Definition
| All diseases move through the phases differently and therefore we can differentiate which disease an individual may have based on when and how the signs present themselves. |
|
|
Term
| Stages/phases of disease: |
|
Definition
1. incubation (no signs)
2. prodromal (vague)
3. illness (severe)
4. decline
5. convalescence (no signs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a site where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection. (ex: animal, human or non-living) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diseases that are naturally spread from animal to host to humans.
via --> meat eating, blood sucking arthropod vectors.
*Usually humans are the dead end. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are infected asymptomatic individuals who can infect others. Some will eventually become ill. One major example is Typhoid Mary. |
|
|
Term
| How is disease transmitted? |
|
Definition
| via vector, reservoir or portal of exit (fecal-oral). fomites: objects that carry infection transiently (ex: towel, toothbrush) |
|
|
Term
| What is a nonliving reservoir? |
|
Definition
a reservoir that is in the soil, water or food.
-microorganisms often contaminate dirt or water by feces or urine.
*this is relevant because smallpox can survive in a nonliving reservoir. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of where and when a transmission occurs in populations. Epidemiology takes into account both incidence of new cases and prevalence (or number of cases). |
|
|
Term
| Types of nosocomial infections: |
|
Definition
exogenous: acquired from health care environment
endogenous: pathogen arising from normal microbiota due to health care setting
latrogenic: via catheters, surgery |
|
|
Term
| Non-specific defenses (immunology) |
|
Definition
1. skin, mucous membranes, chemicals
2. phagocytosis, complement, interferon, inflammation, fever |
|
|
Term
| 1st line of defense (skin): |
|
Definition
the skin is both a barrier with constant turnover and it also has a chemical component with salt, lysozyme and sebum (low pH).
It also has dendritic cells which participate in antigen presenting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| toxins secreted by an microorganism. Can cause major damage to host system. |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of an infection? |
|
Definition
| Invasion of the host by a pathogen. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the process of adhesion: |
|
Definition
Microorganisms attach to cells required to establish colonies.
-Adhesins: ligands typically found on fimbriae, flagella
-block to prevent infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caused by toxoplasma gondii.
-apicomplexan protozoan
-oocysts are 10-13 micrometers
-it is an intracellular parasite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pigment produced by plasmodium from digested host's hemoglobin. This pigment is used to identify malaria in RBC's. |
|
|
Term
| What are the major complications of malaria? |
|
Definition
-neurological damage (cerebral malaria)
-headache, psychotic convulsions, coma, fever of over 108F
-pulmonary edema
-algid malaria (systemic shock)
-blackwater fever (as evidenced in the urine) |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis and Treatment of malaria: |
|
Definition
-based on the clinical signs
-parasite found in peripheral blood smear
-stain/fluorescent dye |
|
|
Term
| Malaria is transmitted by: |
|
Definition
| the bite of an infected anopheles mosquito |
|
|
Term
| What is the relapse period for malaria? |
|
Definition
-could happen weeks, months or years later
-p. vivax & p. ovale reoccur due to dormant hypnozoites in liver cells. |
|
|
Term
| Anemia period of malaria: |
|
Definition
| Massive destruction of RBC's, varies by species of malaria but p. falciparum is the most severe. |
|
|
Term
| Inflammatory response period of malaria: |
|
Definition
| malaise, muscle pain, headache, loss of appetite, chills, teeth shatter, bed shakes, fever, copious persperation (104-106F), recovery phase (weak, exhausted) |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogenesis of malaria? |
|
Definition
1. inflammatory response
2. anemia
3. relapse |
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation period of malaria? |
|
Definition
| between 10 and 4 weeks (~2 weeks) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rare form of malaria often mistaken for P. Malariae
-More common and severe
-fever every 24 hours
-common in SE Asia
-Reservoir: Macaques |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A very rare strain of malaria also known as "mild tertian malaria."
-found in the tropics, W. Africa, India, Vietnam, Philippines
-Fevers every 48 hours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Quartan Malaria"
-Found in Africa, India, Europe, Brazil, Panama
-Seen in chimps
-~7% malaria cases
-less parasitemia
-fevers every 72 hours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Malignant tertian"
-most virulent
-50% of cases
-tropics/subtropics
-increased parasitemia
-fevers every 36-48 hours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Benign tertian malaria"
-found mostly in Asia
-43% of cases
-early onset fevers, every 48 hours. |
|
|
Term
| Malaria is part of a group of parasites called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the routes of parasitic infection? |
|
Definition
-eyes
-respiratory tract
-skin
-sex
-vector borne
-fecal/oral |
|
|
Term
| Why could Westernization increase incidence of parasitic disease? |
|
Definition
| for example, when westernized societies construct artificial damns on rivers they become stagnant which increases the risk for parasites. |
|
|
Term
| List two major concerns associated with parasites in general: |
|
Definition
1. They cause the most common opportunistic infections in AIDS patients.
2. They cause lyme disease (which is transmitted by ticks) |
|
|
Term
| What are some important facts about humans and parasites? |
|
Definition
1. Humans can be infected with more than 100 parasites. These include flagellates, amoebas, ciliates, worms and lice.
2. Some parasites host other parasites (hyperparasitism) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There are more parasitic than non-parasitic organisms that can cause disease. Organisms that are not parasites usually host the parasite. |
|
|
Term
| What are some exceptions to Koch's postulates? |
|
Definition
1. Some pathogens can't be cultured
2. Some diseases are combination and can be caused by multiple pathogens.
3. ethical problems |
|
|
Term
| What are Koch's postulates? |
|
Definition
1. Isolate
2. purify culture
3. must cause the same disease
4. purify the culture again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The theory that a disease is caused by infections of pathogenic organisms. |
|
|
Term
| What does the term etiology mean? |
|
Definition
| Etiology is the study of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal condition. |
|
|
Term
| What is a "sign," in terms of diagnosis? |
|
Definition
An objective manifestation of disease that can be observed or measured by others.
example: elevated blood pressure. |
|
|
Term
| What is a "symptom," in terms of diagnosis? |
|
Definition
A subjective characteristic of disease felt only by the patient.
example: itchiness, pain, malaise etc. |
|
|
Term
| When an invading pathogen alters normal functions of the body. That person would be said to be suffering from a: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of specific immunity? |
|
Definition
| antigens such as epitope target a specific area or shape. hapten is a small molecule not recognized but can be complexed. for example: penicillin. |
|
|
Term
| What does Gamma interferon do? |
|
Definition
| Stimulate phagocytic activity of macrophages and neutrophils. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the interferon system: |
|
Definition
| Infected cells release interferon. This is then sensed by adjacent cells. This shuts down protein synthesis temporarily. |
|
|
Term
| What are the lymphocytes involved in specific defense? |
|
Definition
| B cells, T cells and NK cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antibodies are shaped like a T and thus have 2 binding sites on each end. Antigens then bind to each end facilitating agglutination.
In opsonization cells are marked so that antibody cells know to phagocytize them. |
|
|
Term
| What does the antibody IgG do? |
|
Definition
| comprises 85% of serum antibody. Can cross the placenta and enter the tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the primary response to antigens. It has a structure that is extremely efficient at agglutination. |
|
|
Term
| How are chicken pox and shingles related? |
|
Definition
| Chicken pox can cause shingles and vice versa. varicella-zoster virus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 organisms living together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one organism benefits while the other is not affected. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one organism benefits while the other is harmed. |
|
|
Term
| What are resident microbiota? |
|
Definition
| Part of the normal microbiota throughout life. Most are commensal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Remain only hours or months. Cannot persist in the body due to competition, defenses, chemical or physical changes. |
|
|
Term
| How do opportunistic pathogens work? |
|
Definition
1. Normal microbiota can cause disease under certain circumstances
2. Conditions provide opportunity for pathogens.
-immune system suppressed
-intro into unusual site
-changes in normal microbiota |
|
|
Term
| How are microbiota acquired? |
|
Definition
-womb is microorganism free
-microbiota develop during the birthing process
-much of one's resident microbiota established in the first year. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release histamine (allergic reaction) |
|
|
Term
| Contamination (pathogen entry) |
|
Definition
| presence of microbes in the body. This is NOT an infection, rather, it simply describes that the microbes are there. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| milk, tears, GI and urinary tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organism has evaded the body's external defenses, multiplied and became established. |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenicity vs. virulence: |
|
Definition
| the ability of the pathogen to produce infectious disease is the pathogenicity. virulence refers to the degree in which it is in the bloodstream. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
specific glycoprotein used to distinguish cell types.
example: HIV targets CD4 T cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| target invaders and are found throughout the body. Act as scavengers in the first line of defense in active defense and diapedesis. |
|
|
Term
| Mucous membranes as first line of defense: |
|
Definition
| provide a minor barrier, high turnover, trap organisms with cilia which move invaders up and out. Lysozyme is also found in the nose and eyes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the agent, transmission, occurence, symptoms and treatment given for shigella? |
|
Definition
agent: shigella sonnei, flexneri or dysenteriae type 1
transmission: fecal oral, food borne
occurrence: 165 M cases, 1 M deaths
symptomps: watery, bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, vomiting
treatment: supportive antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| How does inflammation and fever influence our defenses? |
|
Definition
| Inflammation and fever increase antibodies, increase phagocytosis and increase interferon activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elevated levels indicate parasitic infection and allergies. Eosinophils release toxins and RNAase to combat viral infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When elevated are an indication of bacterial infection. They are phagocytic. |
|
|
Term
| What is the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
| it is cosmopolitan in the human population. It causes complications in immuno-suppressed patients and pregnant women. It is found in feral and exotic cats as well as undercooked meat. |
|
|
Term
| Acute signs of toxoplasmosis: |
|
Definition
-swollen, painful lymph nodes
-fever, headache, muscle pain, anemia, dyspnea
-rarely causes death
-often mistaken for the flu |
|
|
Term
| sub acute signs of toxoplasmosis: |
|
Definition
| extensive lesions in the lungs, liver, kidneys, heart, eyes and brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defense against intracellular pathogens and abnormal host cells. Does not involve antibodies. (More in notes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a vaccination creates disease resistance among a population that is sufficient to limit spread of disease. |
|
|
Term
| Major histocompatibility complex (MHC): |
|
Definition
| The basis of self recognition in organ transplant. MHC's hold antigens for presentation to T cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell mediated immune response. they have a unique t-cell receptor specific to the antigen.
-cytotoxic T's
-helper T's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| make antibodies. There are 300,00 identical receptors per B cell. Each receptor recognizes only one antigen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immune cells are produced in the bone marrow. they then differentiate into b cells (marrow) or t cells (thymus). lymph nodes then collect cells and then spleen filters the blood. |
|
|
Term
| What is the body's second line of defense? |
|
Definition
-blood stem cells in bone marrow
-variety of other cells such as lymphocytes and antibodies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B/T receptor shapes are randomly generated for self recognition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Act as a germicide because they act as surfactants. They must be cationic to be most effective. (quaternary ammonium or "quats"). They work by disrupting the cell membranes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Denatures proteins. Disrupts cytoplasmic membranes.
-70-90% used (full strength alcohol is not effective)
-20 minutes
-damages plastic, rubber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Denature proteins, disrupt cell membranes. Have low toxicity and are therefore less effective against spores.
*pseudomonas has been found in chlorhexadine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
highly effective disinfectant and antiseptic.
-betadine scrubs
-inactivates enzyme by oxidation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-causes cross linking of membrane proteins
-disrupts enzyme function
-fast acting, high level disinfectant |
|
|
Term
| Ethylene oxide (gas sterilization) as germicide: |
|
Definition
-blocks DNA replication
-slow acting
-very explosive |
|
|
Term
| hydrogen peroxide as a germicide: |
|
Definition
-relies on direct/indirect actions of oxygen.
-free radical formation is toxic. |
|
|
Term
| What are some complications associated with chicken pox? |
|
Definition
| shingles, secondary infections, invasive groupA strep disease, organ dissemination, pneumonia, reyes syndrome, congenital vericella syndrome. |
|
|
Term
| Heavy metals as germicide: |
|
Definition
| arsenic, zinc, mercury, silver and copper. All of these elements combine with S atoms in cysteine molecules which results in an altered and non-functioning protein shape. |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis and treatment of chickenpox: |
|
Definition
clinical, serological and supportive.
-or vaccine vZIG. |
|
|
Term
| chronic signs of toxoplasmosis: |
|
Definition
-host immunity builds up and suppresses tachyzoites
-tissue cysts lie dormant
--if ruptured cause intense hypersensitivity, inflammation
*chronic encephalitis, epilepsy, paralysis, retinal damage |
|
|
Term
| congenital toxoplasmosis: |
|
Definition
-mother contracts while pregnant
-mostly in 3rd trimester
-causes mental retardation
-subclinical form can become active
*most common congenital abnormality in the US. |
|
|
Term
| transmission of toxoplasmosis: |
|
Definition
-raw or undercooked meat containing cysts
-ingesting oocytes from cat feces/soil
-flies, cockroaches, earthworms |
|
|
Term
| sings and symptoms of chicken pox (vericella-zoster herpes virus): |
|
Definition
fever, malaise
macules --> papules --> vesicles --> postule --> crust
*shingles (15-20%) |
|
|
Term
| Transmission of chickenpox: |
|
Definition
-10-28 day incubation
-respiratory or vesicle skin break
-infectious 1 day before rash and during symptoms
-highly infectious
--75% transmission rate |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of chickenpox: |
|
Definition
| respiratory --> lymphatic --> skin, respiratory and nerves |
|
|
