Term
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Definition
one's own immune system is activated |
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Term
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Definition
results from an infection |
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Term
Artificial Active Immunity |
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Definition
results from vaccinations |
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Term
Artificial Passive Immunity |
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Definition
injections of immune globulins |
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Term
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Definition
one's own immune system is NOT activated, one is given immunoglobulins |
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Term
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Definition
from mother; IgG (placenta) and IgA (milk) |
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Term
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Definition
virus "vaccine" is named after |
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Term
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Definition
first altered preparations of microbes to generate immunity against the fully virulent organism |
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of anthrax (a bacterium) |
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Term
Effective vaccine requirements (3) |
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Definition
1. be safe to administer 2. induce the right sort of immunity 3. be affordable |
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Term
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Definition
a class of vaccine that consists of either natural (few) or attenuated (most) organisms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
eight attenuated vaccines |
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Definition
polio, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, varicella-zoster, rotavirus, Bacille Calmette-Guerin |
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of polio |
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Term
oral administration of this vaccine against polio |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of measles |
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of mumps |
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of rubella |
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of yellow fever |
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of varicella-zoster |
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of rotavirus |
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Term
Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Definition
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Term
danger of "live" whole organism vaccines (2) |
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Definition
1. certain attenuated microbes are prone to reversion 2. a small percentage of vaccine recipients develop complications |
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Term
Inactivated or "Killed" vaccines (whole organism) |
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Definition
a class of vaccines in which the organism is intact, but non-living; thus, unable to cause disease |
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of Q fever |
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of plague |
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of cholera |
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of typhoid |
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of pertussis |
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of hepatitis A |
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of influenza |
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of rabies |
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Term
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Definition
Class of vaccines in which components or subunits of the target pathogen are used (toxoids, capsular polysaccharides, and recombinant protein antigens) |
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of tetanus |
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Term
Corynebacterium diphtheria |
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Definition
etiological agent of diphtheria |
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of cholera |
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of gas gangrene |
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Term
three etiological agents that are part of the DPT |
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Definition
Bordetella pertussis (pertussis), Clostridium tetani (tetanus), and Corynebacterium diphtheria (diphtheria) |
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Term
three etiological agents that are part of the MMR |
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Definition
Red measles virus (measles), mumps virus (mumps), and German measles virus (measles) |
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Term
the four types of subunit vaccines |
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Definition
toxoids, bacterial polysaccharide capsules, viral glycoproteins, recombinantly-synthesized pathogen proteins and synthetic peptides |
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Term
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Definition
tetanus, diphtheria, cholera, gas gangrene |
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Term
Bacterial polysaccharide capsules |
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Definition
subunit vaccine that causes the formation of opsonizing antibody |
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Term
two bacterial polysaccharide capsules vaccines |
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Definition
pneumococcal pneumonia and bacterial meningitis |
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of pneumococcal pneumonia |
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Term
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Definition
etiological agent of bacterial meningitis |
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Term
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Definition
subunit vaccine that are candidate vaccines and are still under clinical trials (e.g. HIV, herpes simplex virus type 2 - genital herpes) |
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Term
Haemophilus influenza type B |
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Definition
etiological agent of bacterial meningitis |
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Term
mechanism of DNA Vaccines |
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Definition
1. inject into muscles 2. cell take up DNA 3. express gene 4. translation to protein 5. activates both CMI and humoral immunity |
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Term
Recombinant vector vaccines |
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Definition
using attenuated viruses or bacteria as vectors for Ag of other pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
vaccinia virus, canary pox virus, yellow fever virus, and Salmonella typhimurium |
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Term
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Definition
Haemophilus Influenza (strain B) |
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Term
CD8+ T cytotoxic cells and CD4+ TH1 cells |
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Definition
most important components of cell-mediated antiviral mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
cytokines activated TH1 cells produce in cell-mediated antiviral mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
induces surrounding cells to enter an antiviral state; activate NK cells |
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Term
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Definition
helps to activate CTL and NK cells |
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Term
Viral Evasion of Host-Defense Mechanisms |
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Definition
1. Viral genomes encode proteins that inhibit antiviral proteins made by the host cell
2. Viruses produce proteins that inhibit the complement pathways
3. Viruses escape the host immune system by changing their antigens
4. Viruses evade the immune system by causing generalized immuno-suppression |
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Term
hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) |
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Definition
specific glycoproteins enveloping the virus |
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Term
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Definition
helps attach virus to host cells |
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Term
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Definition
helps viral budding from host cells |
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Term
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Definition
induces surrounding cells to enter an antiviral state; activate NK cells |
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Term
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Definition
helps to activate CTL and NK cells |
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Term
Viral Evasion of Host-Defense Mechanisms |
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Definition
1. Viral genomes encode proteins that inhibit antiviral proteins made by the host cell
2. Viruses produce proteins that inhibit the complement pathways
3. Viruses escape the host immune system by changing their antigens
4. Viruses evade the immune system by causing generalized immuno-suppression |
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Term
hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) |
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Definition
specific glycoproteins enveloping the virus |
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Term
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Definition
helps attach virus to host cells |
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Term
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Definition
helps viral budding from host cells |
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Term
designation of the viral strains |
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Definition
1. types A, B, or C 2. animal host of origin 3. geographical origin 4. strain # 5. year of isolation 6. Ag description of HA and NA |
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Term
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Definition
(mainly changes to HA and NA)of surface proteins makes AB against one strain virtually useless against other strains |
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Term
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Definition
series of spontaneous point mutations that occur gradually to HA, NA, minor changes |
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Term
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Definition
sudden emergence of a new subtype with very different HA and NA |
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Term
method of causing Ag shift |
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Definition
re-assortment when a cell is co-infected with two different viruses |
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Term
Two Host responses to Influenza infection |
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Definition
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Term
Response to Infections by extracellular bacteria |
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Definition
1. induce Ab production 2. toxin neutralization 3. C-mediated lysis 4. opsonization and phagocytosis 5. anaphylatoxins stimulate mast cell degranulation, vasodilation, extravasation of WBCs
6. chemotaxis |
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Term
Response to an infection by bacteria leading to intracellular growth |
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Definition
1. induce a CMI, especially DTH 2. T(DTH) cells secrete IFN-gamma, activates macrophages |
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Term
Bacterial Evasion of Host-Defense Mechanisms (5) |
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Definition
1. structures for enhanced attachment (pili, adhesion molecules)
2. protease to digest secretory IgA for enhanced attachment; avoid agglutination
3. surface structures that inhibit phagocytosis (fibrin coat, polysaccharide capsule, M protein)
4. Resistance to C-mediated lysis 5. Mechanisms for survival inside phagocytes |
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Term
fibrin coat, polysaccharide capsule, M protein |
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Definition
surface structures that inhibit phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
structure of bacteria that prevent MAC insertion |
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Term
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Definition
bacterial enzyme that inactivates C3a and C5a |
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Term
Mechanisms for survival inside phagocytes |
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Definition
1. Escape the phagolysosome, grow in cytoplasm
2. Block lysosome fusion with phagosome |
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Term
Contributions of Immune Response to Bacterial Pathogenesis |
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Definition
1. overproduction of cytokines 2. T(DTH) secrete cytokines, which causes an accumulation of macrophages, which leads to granuloma formation, which results in tissue necrosis |
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Term
Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
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Definition
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Term
diphtherotoxin (definition) |
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Definition
secreted exotoxin that causes diphtheria |
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Term
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Definition
causes formation of tough fibrous 'pseudomembrane' in the nasopharynx, can lead to suffocation |
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Term
diphtherotoxin (systemic effects) |
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Definition
myocardial damage can lead to congestive heart failure; neurological damage can lead to mild weakness to complete paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
gene found in bacteria with lysogenic phage beta that causes the production of the exotoxin, diphtherotoxin |
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Term
How to make vaccine for diphtheria? |
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Definition
treating diphtherotoxin with formaldehyde (toxoid vaccine) |
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Term
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (causes) |
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Definition
main bacterium that causes tuberculosis |
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Term
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (function) |
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Definition
inhibit the formation of phagolysosomes |
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Term
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Definition
percentage of patients in which T(DTH) cells are active, macrophages come, and formation of tubercle |
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Term
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Definition
percentage of patients in which they experience chronic pulmonary TB or Extrapulmonary TB |
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Term
Baceille-Calmette-Guerin vaccine |
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Definition
vaccine that uses an attenuated strain of M. bovis |
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Term
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Definition
characteristic bull's eye-rash; bacterium (Borrelia burgdorferi) is carried by a tick, enters the blood |
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Term
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Definition
bacterium that causes Lyme Disease |
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Term
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Definition
place and year of Lyme Disease - Borrelia burgdorferi discovery |
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Term
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Definition
1. selectin family 2. mucin-like family 3. integrin family 4. immunoglobulin superfamily |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
E-selectin and P-selectin |
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Definition
selectins expressed on vascular endothelial cells during an inflammatory response |
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Term
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Definition
heavily glycosylated; great binding sites for lectins and selectins |
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Term
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Definition
heterodimeric proteins, some bind ECM molecules, some bind CAMs |
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Term
Ig-Superfamily CAMs (ICAMs) |
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Definition
several expressed on vascular endothelial cells, bind to integrins |
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Term
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Definition
a cell adhesion molecule that has both Ig-like domains and mucin-like domains |
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Term
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Definition
superfamily of small polypeptides |
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Term
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Definition
1. control adhesion 2. chemotaxis 3. activation of many leukocytes 4. regulators of leukocyte traffic 5. involved in inflammation, lymphocyte development, brain/heart development, angiogenesis, and wound healing |
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Term
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Definition
placement of this amino acid determines the subgroup placements of chemokines |
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Term
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Definition
7-pass G-protein-linked receptors (CCR, CXCR) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Rolling 2. Activation by chemoattractant stimulus 3. Arrest and adhesion 4. Extravasation |
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Term
Neutrophils (extravasation) |
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Definition
first cells to bind and extravasate when endothelial cells are inflamed and P-selectin is on their surface |
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Term
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Definition
these cells take longer to get activated because the endothelial ligands needed for binding take longer to be expressed |
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Term
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Definition
typical locations of lymphocyte extravasation |
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Term
secondary lymphoid tissue |
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Definition
location where naive lymphocytes become activated, enlarge, and become lymphoblasts |
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Term
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Definition
these cells 'home' selectively to tissue type where they first encountered Ag |
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Term
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Definition
these cells 'home' to regions of infection, recognizing inflamed vascular endothelium and localized chemokines |
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Term
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Definition
this plasma-clotting factor is activated after tissue injury: it activates kallikrein which cleaves kininogen to produce bradykinin |
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Term
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Definition
increase of vascular permeability, vasodilation, pain, and smooth muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b (is a C5 convertase!) think: Kinin system |
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Term
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Definition
this system yields fibrin-generated mediators of inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
this acts upon fibrinogen to produce insoluble fibrin and fibrinopeptides which together begin clot formation |
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Term
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Definition
inflammatory mediators of the clotting system |
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Term
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Definition
system in which its purpose is to remove fibrin clots; converts plasminogen into plasmin |
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Term
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Definition
breaks down fibrin clots into products that chemoattract neutrophils, and also activates the classical complement pathway |
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Term
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Definition
anaphylatoxins that induce degranulation of mast cells |
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Term
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Definition
these cause monocytes, neutrophils to adhere to vascular endothelium, extravasate, and migrate to the site of C activation |
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Term
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Definition
these cytokines are pyrogenic, increase vascular permability, activate T- and B- lymphocytes, and synthesize acute-phase proteins by liver |
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Term
prostaglandins and thromboxanes |
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Definition
Arachidonic acid is converted into these via cyclooxygenase pathways |
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Term
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Definition
Arachidonic acid is converted into this via lipoxygenase pathway |
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Term
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Definition
These block the cyclooxygenase enzymes to prevent inflammation |
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Term
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
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Definition
aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen (Tylenol); inhibit cyclooxygenase enzyme activity |
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Term
Localized inflammatory response |
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Definition
swelling, redness, heat, pain, loss of function; brought about largely due to histamine, prastaglandins, bradykinin, fibrinopeptides; causes vasodilation, increase of vascular permeability, and accumulation of fluid in tissues |
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Term
Systemic Acute-Phase Response |
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Definition
fever, increased production of hormones like ACTH, hydrocortisone |
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Term
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Definition
powerful anti-inflammatory drugs |
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Term
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Definition
predisolone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone |
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