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Final Exam
Review for Tomorrow's Exam
131
Immunology
Undergraduate 4
04/29/2012

Additional Immunology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Active Immunity
Definition
one's own immune system is activated
Term
Natural Active Immunity
Definition
results from an infection
Term
Artificial Active Immunity
Definition
results from vaccinations
Term
Artificial Passive Immunity
Definition
injections of immune globulins
Term
Passive Immunity
Definition
one's own immune system is NOT activated, one is given immunoglobulins
Term
Natural Passive Immunity
Definition
from mother; IgG (placenta) and IgA (milk)
Term
cowpox virus
Definition
virus "vaccine" is named after
Term
Louis Pasteur
Definition
first altered preparations of microbes to generate immunity against the fully virulent organism
Term
Bacillus anthracis
Definition
etiological agent of anthrax (a bacterium)
Term
Effective vaccine requirements (3)
Definition
1. be safe to administer
2. induce the right sort of immunity
3. be affordable
Term
"Live" vaccine
Definition
a class of vaccine that consists of either natural (few) or attenuated (most) organisms
Term
one natural vaccine
Definition
vaccinia virus
Term
smallpox virus
Definition
variola virus
Term
eight attenuated vaccines
Definition
polio, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, varicella-zoster, rotavirus, Bacille Calmette-Guerin
Term
polio virus
Definition
etiological agent of polio
Term
oral administration of this vaccine against polio
Definition
Sabin vaccine
Term
Red measles virus
Definition
etiological agent of measles
Term
mumps virus
Definition
etiological agent of mumps
Term
German measles virus
Definition
etiological agent of rubella
Term
yellow fever virus
Definition
etiological agent of yellow fever
Term
Chicken pox virus
Definition
etiological agent of varicella-zoster
Term
rotavirus
Definition
etiological agent of rotavirus
Term
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Definition
etiological agent of BCG
Term
danger of "live" whole organism vaccines (2)
Definition
1. certain attenuated microbes are prone to reversion
2. a small percentage of vaccine recipients develop complications
Term
Inactivated or "Killed" vaccines (whole organism)
Definition
a class of vaccines in which the organism is intact, but non-living; thus, unable to cause disease
Term
Q fever virus
Definition
etiological agent of Q fever
Term
Yersinia pestis
Definition
etiological agent of plague
Term
Vibrio cholerae
Definition
etiological agent of cholera
Term
Salmonella typhi
Definition
etiological agent of typhoid
Term
Bordetella pertussis
Definition
etiological agent of pertussis
Term
hepatitis A virus
Definition
etiological agent of hepatitis A
Term
influenza virus
Definition
etiological agent of influenza
Term
rabies virus
Definition
etiological agent of rabies
Term
Subunit vaccines
Definition
Class of vaccines in which components or subunits of the target pathogen are used (toxoids, capsular polysaccharides, and recombinant protein antigens)
Term
Clostridium tetani
Definition
etiological agent of tetanus
Term
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Definition
etiological agent of diphtheria
Term
Vibrio cholera
Definition
etiological agent of cholera
Term
Clostridium perfringens
Definition
etiological agent of gas gangrene
Term
three etiological agents that are part of the DPT
Definition
Bordetella pertussis (pertussis), Clostridium tetani (tetanus), and Corynebacterium diphtheria (diphtheria)
Term
three etiological agents that are part of the MMR
Definition
Red measles virus (measles), mumps virus (mumps), and German measles virus (measles)
Term
the four types of subunit vaccines
Definition
toxoids, bacterial polysaccharide capsules, viral glycoproteins, recombinantly-synthesized pathogen proteins and synthetic peptides
Term
four successful toxoids
Definition
tetanus, diphtheria, cholera, gas gangrene
Term
Bacterial polysaccharide capsules
Definition
subunit vaccine that causes the formation of opsonizing antibody
Term
two bacterial polysaccharide capsules vaccines
Definition
pneumococcal pneumonia and bacterial meningitis
Term
Streptococcus pneumonia
Definition
etiological agent of pneumococcal pneumonia
Term
Neisseria meningitidis
Definition
etiological agent of bacterial meningitis
Term
Viral glycoproteins
Definition
subunit vaccine that are candidate vaccines and are still under clinical trials (e.g. HIV, herpes simplex virus type 2 - genital herpes)
Term
Haemophilus influenza type B
Definition
etiological agent of bacterial meningitis
Term
mechanism of DNA Vaccines
Definition
1. inject into muscles
2. cell take up DNA
3. express gene
4. translation to protein
5. activates both CMI and humoral immunity
Term
Recombinant vector vaccines
Definition
using attenuated viruses or bacteria as vectors for Ag of other pathogens
Term
vector examples
Definition
vaccinia virus, canary pox virus, yellow fever virus, and Salmonella typhimurium
Term
Hib vaccine
Definition
Haemophilus Influenza (strain B)
Term
CD8+ T cytotoxic cells and CD4+ TH1 cells
Definition
most important components of cell-mediated antiviral mechanisms
Term
IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF
Definition
cytokines activated TH1 cells produce in cell-mediated antiviral mechanisms
Term
IFN-gamma (role in CMI)
Definition
induces surrounding cells to enter an antiviral state; activate NK cells
Term
IL-2 (role in CMI)
Definition
helps to activate CTL and NK cells
Term
Viral Evasion of Host-Defense Mechanisms
Definition
1. Viral genomes encode proteins that inhibit antiviral proteins made by the host cell

2. Viruses produce proteins that inhibit the complement pathways

3. Viruses escape the host immune system by changing their antigens

4. Viruses evade the immune system by causing generalized immuno-suppression
Term
hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)
Definition
specific glycoproteins enveloping the virus
Term
hemagglutinin
Definition
helps attach virus to host cells
Term
neuraminidase
Definition
helps viral budding from host cells
Term
IFN-gamma (role in CMI)
Definition
induces surrounding cells to enter an antiviral state; activate NK cells
Term
IL-2 (role in CMI)
Definition
helps to activate CTL and NK cells
Term
Viral Evasion of Host-Defense Mechanisms
Definition
1. Viral genomes encode proteins that inhibit antiviral proteins made by the host cell

2. Viruses produce proteins that inhibit the complement pathways

3. Viruses escape the host immune system by changing their antigens

4. Viruses evade the immune system by causing generalized immuno-suppression
Term
hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)
Definition
specific glycoproteins enveloping the virus
Term
hemagglutinin
Definition
helps attach virus to host cells
Term
neuraminidase
Definition
helps viral budding from host cells
Term
designation of the viral strains
Definition
1. types A, B, or C
2. animal host of origin
3. geographical origin
4. strain #
5. year of isolation
6. Ag description of HA and NA
Term
Ag variation
Definition
(mainly changes to HA and NA)of surface proteins makes AB against one strain virtually useless against other strains
Term
Ag drift
Definition
series of spontaneous point mutations that occur gradually to HA, NA, minor changes
Term
Ag shift
Definition
sudden emergence of a new subtype with very different HA and NA
Term
method of causing Ag shift
Definition
re-assortment when a cell is co-infected with two different viruses
Term
Two Host responses to Influenza infection
Definition
1. Ab are produced
2. CMI
Term
Response to Infections by extracellular bacteria
Definition
1. induce Ab production
2. toxin neutralization
3. C-mediated lysis
4. opsonization and phagocytosis
5. anaphylatoxins stimulate mast cell degranulation, vasodilation, extravasation of WBCs

6. chemotaxis
Term
Response to an infection by bacteria leading to intracellular growth
Definition
1. induce a CMI, especially DTH
2. T(DTH) cells secrete IFN-gamma, activates macrophages
Term
Bacterial Evasion of Host-Defense Mechanisms (5)
Definition
1. structures for enhanced attachment (pili, adhesion molecules)

2. protease to digest secretory IgA for enhanced attachment; avoid agglutination

3. surface structures that inhibit phagocytosis (fibrin coat, polysaccharide capsule, M protein)

4. Resistance to C-mediated lysis
5. Mechanisms for survival inside phagocytes
Term
fibrin coat, polysaccharide capsule, M protein
Definition
surface structures that inhibit phagocytosis
Term
long lipid chains in LPS
Definition
structure of bacteria that prevent MAC insertion
Term
elastase
Definition
bacterial enzyme that inactivates C3a and C5a
Term
Mechanisms for survival inside phagocytes
Definition
1. Escape the phagolysosome, grow in cytoplasm

2. Block lysosome fusion with phagosome
Term
Contributions of Immune Response to Bacterial Pathogenesis
Definition
1. overproduction of cytokines
2. T(DTH) secrete cytokines, which causes an accumulation of macrophages, which leads to granuloma formation, which results in tissue necrosis
Term
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Definition
Causes diphtheria
Term
diphtherotoxin (definition)
Definition
secreted exotoxin that causes diphtheria
Term
diphtherotoxin (action)
Definition
causes formation of tough fibrous 'pseudomembrane' in the nasopharynx, can lead to suffocation
Term
diphtherotoxin (systemic effects)
Definition
myocardial damage can lead to congestive heart failure; neurological damage can lead to mild weakness to complete paralysis
Term
phage beta gene
Definition
gene found in bacteria with lysogenic phage beta that causes the production of the exotoxin, diphtherotoxin
Term
How to make vaccine for diphtheria?
Definition
treating diphtherotoxin with formaldehyde (toxoid vaccine)
Term
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (causes)
Definition
main bacterium that causes tuberculosis
Term
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (function)
Definition
inhibit the formation of phagolysosomes
Term
90% of TB patients
Definition
percentage of patients in which T(DTH) cells are active, macrophages come, and formation of tubercle
Term
10% of TB patients
Definition
percentage of patients in which they experience chronic pulmonary TB or Extrapulmonary TB
Term
Baceille-Calmette-Guerin vaccine
Definition
vaccine that uses an attenuated strain of M. bovis
Term
Lyme Disease
Definition
characteristic bull's eye-rash; bacterium (Borrelia burgdorferi) is carried by a tick, enters the blood
Term
Borrelia burgdorferi
Definition
bacterium that causes Lyme Disease
Term
Old Lyme, CT (1975)
Definition
place and year of Lyme Disease - Borrelia burgdorferi discovery
Term
Four families of CAMs
Definition
1. selectin family
2. mucin-like family
3. integrin family
4. immunoglobulin superfamily
Term
L-selectin
Definition
selectin on leukocytes
Term
E-selectin and P-selectin
Definition
selectins expressed on vascular endothelial cells during an inflammatory response
Term
Mucins
Definition
heavily glycosylated; great binding sites for lectins and selectins
Term
Integrins
Definition
heterodimeric proteins, some bind ECM molecules, some bind CAMs
Term
Ig-Superfamily CAMs (ICAMs)
Definition
several expressed on vascular endothelial cells, bind to integrins
Term
MAdCAM
Definition
a cell adhesion molecule that has both Ig-like domains and mucin-like domains
Term
Chemokines
Definition
superfamily of small polypeptides
Term
Function of Chemokines
Definition
1. control adhesion
2. chemotaxis
3. activation of many leukocytes
4. regulators of leukocyte traffic
5. involved in inflammation, lymphocyte development, brain/heart development, angiogenesis, and wound healing
Term
cysteine
Definition
placement of this amino acid determines the subgroup placements of chemokines
Term
chemokine receptors
Definition
7-pass G-protein-linked receptors (CCR, CXCR)
Term
Leukocyte Extravasation
Definition
1. Rolling
2. Activation by chemoattractant stimulus
3. Arrest and adhesion
4. Extravasation
Term
Neutrophils (extravasation)
Definition
first cells to bind and extravasate when endothelial cells are inflamed and P-selectin is on their surface
Term
Monocyte (extravasation)
Definition
these cells take longer to get activated because the endothelial ligands needed for binding take longer to be expressed
Term
high-endothelial venules
Definition
typical locations of lymphocyte extravasation
Term
secondary lymphoid tissue
Definition
location where naive lymphocytes become activated, enlarge, and become lymphoblasts
Term
Memory cells
Definition
these cells 'home' selectively to tissue type where they first encountered Ag
Term
Effector cells
Definition
these cells 'home' to regions of infection, recognizing inflamed vascular endothelium and localized chemokines
Term
Hageman factor
Definition
this plasma-clotting factor is activated after tissue injury: it activates kallikrein which cleaves kininogen to produce bradykinin
Term
Effects of bradykinin
Definition
increase of vascular permeability, vasodilation, pain, and smooth muscle contraction
Term
kallikrein
Definition
cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b (is a C5 convertase!) think: Kinin system
Term
clotting system
Definition
this system yields fibrin-generated mediators of inflammation
Term
thrombin
Definition
this acts upon fibrinogen to produce insoluble fibrin and fibrinopeptides which together begin clot formation
Term
fibrinopeptides
Definition
inflammatory mediators of the clotting system
Term
Fibrinolytic system
Definition
system in which its purpose is to remove fibrin clots; converts plasminogen into plasmin
Term
Plasmin
Definition
breaks down fibrin clots into products that chemoattract neutrophils, and also activates the classical complement pathway
Term
C3a and C5a
Definition
anaphylatoxins that induce degranulation of mast cells
Term
C3a, C5a, C5b67
Definition
these cause monocytes, neutrophils to adhere to vascular endothelium, extravasate, and migrate to the site of C activation
Term
IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha
Definition
these cytokines are pyrogenic, increase vascular permability, activate T- and B- lymphocytes, and synthesize acute-phase proteins by liver
Term
prostaglandins and thromboxanes
Definition
Arachidonic acid is converted into these via cyclooxygenase pathways
Term
leukotrienes
Definition
Arachidonic acid is converted into this via lipoxygenase pathway
Term
"COX" inhibitors
Definition
These block the cyclooxygenase enzymes to prevent inflammation
Term
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Definition
aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen (Tylenol); inhibit cyclooxygenase enzyme activity
Term
Localized inflammatory response
Definition
swelling, redness, heat, pain, loss of function; brought about largely due to histamine, prastaglandins, bradykinin, fibrinopeptides; causes vasodilation, increase of vascular permeability, and accumulation of fluid in tissues
Term
Systemic Acute-Phase Response
Definition
fever, increased production of hormones like ACTH, hydrocortisone
Term
corticosteroids
Definition
powerful anti-inflammatory drugs
Term
corticosteroi
Definition
predisolone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone
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