a. Contract between the nobles (barons) to limit King John’s power.

b. Drafted by archbishop Stephan Langton.

c. Beginning of constitutional government in England.

a. Eirik the Red fled to Iceland from Norway because of some killings. However, he was exiled in 982 AD after committing murder. This led him to travel further west to the discovery of Greenland.

b. The murder: his slaves had caused a landslide over Valthjof’s farm. In return his slaves were killed by Valthjof’s Kinsman, Eyjolf. Eirik then kills Eyjolf and his kinsmen.

c. He became the first to establish a colony there. Named Greenland for appeal.

a. One of few first hand accounts of the First Crusade: Fulcher’s response to Pope Urban II’s First Crusade.

b. First Crusade began with the Pope’s speech at the Council of Clermont: goal was to “restore the Holy Church”.

c. Many people were inspired by the Pope’s speech and were spurred to join the crusade.

a. Talks about the incompetent Naiman ruler who is a coward, Tayang Kahn.

b. Tayang wages war with the Mongols, thinking the mongols were savages.

c. Temujin, who has less soldiers out smarts him and forces Tayang into a mountain where he is defeated. (Temujin lit many fires at night to make it seem like he had more soldiers).

a. Daughter of Emperor Alexius of Byzantium.

b. Alexius was threatened by the Seljuk Turks, Normans, And Rebellions.

c. He asks pope urban for help and receives Franks/Normans who he regards as enemies and a possible threat.

a. Hebrew chronicle.

b. Takes place after pop urban’s appeal for the first crusade.

c. In early 1096 AD, French and German crusades lead attacks on Jews.

d. The story is in the viewpoint of the survivors.

e. Pope was viewed as evil. Those that did not convert were killed. Some died as martyrs as others were forcibly converted.

a. Arab historian who wrote the history of the first 3 crusades.

b. Turks were given control of Jerusalem as a feoff (fief [a piece of land held under the feadal system]{acres}).

c. They were attacked and weakened by the Franks.

d. Egyptians capitalized on this and laid siege on Jerusalem as well.

a. Spanish conquistador, one of the first to see the cities of the Central Mexican Plateau. (Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan).

b. Writes an account of his first encounter.

c. Is impressed by this completely new civilization. Talks about the wonderful structures.

d. The Caciques (rulers of the native americans) considered them as gods and placed them by other idols.

e. “Buildings like fortresses”, “markets so large and orderly”, “shrines like gleaming white towers”.

a. Was a poet in Florence Italy when the plague struck in 1348 AD.

b. Decameron: collection of a hundred tales based on experience dealing with the plague.

i. First symptoms of black plague were swelling in the groin or armpit known as gavocciolo. It would spread throughout the body.

c. Later on symptoms changed to dark blotches and bruises.

d. Appeared to be contagious.

i. People began to isolate themselves as a safety precaution, others did the opposite and drank heavily and enjoyed life as if nothing were wrong.

e. Some people applied flowers/herbs to their nostril to “fortify the brain: with smells.

i. The poor were especially affected because the could not have a physician.

a. Became a historian after pursuing a career as administrator in post plague Cairo.

b. New symptoms consisted of spitting up blood.

c. Internal fever.

d. Uncontrollable desire to vomit (blood).

i. Cairo became nearly deserted in that time.

ii. People began taking up jobs concerning the dead such as reciting prayers, smearing crypts with plaster, carrying/washing the dead for a substantial payment.

iii. There was a lack of workers when it came to agriculture so harvests decreased and an increase of prices occurred.

a. Venetian merchant that traveled across the silk road to Mongolia and China.

b. Thought Kinsay (Hangchou) was the noblest of cities “city of heaven”.

c. City seemed to be above the water with its lofty and numerous bridges.

d. Complimented the lofty houses and the attire of the people (mainly silk).

e. They treat foreigners cordially and entertain and help them, on the other hand they treat soldiers with disgust since the Great Kaan garison’s are the reason for the loss of their native kinds and lords.

a. In 1296 AD, Zhou Daguan was sent on a mission to Cambodia by the mongol emperor of china, Temur Khan. He stayed in Angkor Thom, and wrote his records of the country and its people.

b. Gives an account of what he observes in the city of Angkor.

c. The ruler was said to have 5 wives and many more concubines within the palace.

d. The peoples tended to have strong sexual feelings since a women of 20 or 30 would be considered that of 50 years.

e. Zhentan: When girls have to get a Buddhist monk or daoist to take away their virginity.

f. Most family own a great deal of slaves that are savages from mountains.

a. Founded by the Mongol leader Kublai Khan (1271-1368 AD).

i. Grandson of Genghis (Chinggis) Khan.

b. Ruled most of present day China, all of modern Mongolia and its surrounding areas.

c. Ming Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Song Dynasty (Dynasties are in order).

d. Kublai developed his rule by centralizing the government of China, making himself an absolute monarch.

a. The Black Death was a great epidemic of the bubonic plague that ravaged Europe, east Asia, and north Africa in the 14th century, killing large numbers, including as many as one-third the European population.

b. It originated in Central(inner) Asia.

c. Among infected populations, death rates ranged from 25 to 50 percent.

d. Some say the spread of the black plague was caused by climate change. A drying of the central Asian borderlands, where the bubonic plague had existed for centuries, may have forced rodents out of their usual dwelling places and pressed pastoral people, who carried strains. The mongols trading network is what spread the germs across Afro-Eurasia.

e. Many believe that the gods were angry with mankind.

f. The infected victims died quickly- sometimes overnight.

g. When farmers were afflicted, food production collapsed which led to rapidly rising prices, work shortages, and unrest.

a. African slave trade between the Nubia and the Mediterranean (Sahara Desert) and Indian Ocean markets boomed after spread of Islam and sailing techniques improved (1000-1300 AD).

b. Slaves were more prized as additions to family labor or as status symbols for their owners.

a. A Muslim that was captured as a boy by Ming army and castrated so he could serve the emperor.

b. Emperor entrusted him with venture out to trade, collect tribute, and display China’s power to the world(early 15th century).

c. Grew up to be an important military leader.

i. Expeditions did not seek territorial expansion, but rather control of trade and tribute.

ii.If a community refused to pay tribute, Zheng’s fleet would attack it. (This shows China’s strength).

d. Voyage came to a halt because it was too expensive.

a. The king of the Franks in northern Europe.

b. Ultimately controlled much of Western Europe; yet was a political lightweight compared to the with the Islamic world’s ruler.

c. Massive sales of European prisoners of war financed the Frankish Empire.

d. Was noted for consolidating a large portion of Europe under his rule, promoting learning, and instituting innovative administrative concepts.

a. People of Swahili that lived along the coast of Eastern Africa became brokers for the trade with people of Arabian Peninsula, Persian Gulf territories, and western coast of India due to monsoon winds.

b. The most value commodity in the trade was gold.

c. Money made from the trade with gold allowed them to make the Great Zimbabwe.

d. Great Zimbabwe (1100 AD)

i. A massive elliptical building—made of stone to expertly that its fitting needed no grouting.

ii. A ruined city in the country of Zimbabwe.

iii. A center of the gold trade between the East African coastal peoples and traders sailing on the Indian Ocean.

a. In 324 CE, Constantine decide to build a grandiose city on the European side of Bosporus-the waterway that separates Europe from Asia.

b. He chose the site of the ancient Greek city of Byzantium and called it new Rome, but it soon took the name “Constantine's city”.

c. Constantinople grew explosively, becoming an even bigger and better Rome.

d. A gigantic hyper-dome echoing Rome’s circus maximus straddled the cities central ridge.

e. Constantinople had the resources of a world capital.

f. It was a predominantly Greek city whose residents were proud to live under Roman law.

g. Justinian became emperor in 527 CE, he considered himself the successor of a long line of forceful Roman emperors- and was determined to outdo them. His first step was to reform the Roman laws.

h. Greek and non-Greek Christians of the east called Hagia Sophia( a church) “the eye of the civilized world,” it represented the flowing together of Christianity and imperial culture.

a. A reform of the church that focused on restoring monastic life.

i. Encourages art and care for the poor.

b. It began due to simony and concubinage. It was a response to all the corruption going on.

c. Supported by Pope urban II.

a. Largest city-state of Mesoamerica, Teotihuacan(300 BCE).

b. Became largest center of the Americas before the Aztecs half-millennium later.

c. Fertile land and abundant water fostered high agricultural productivity.

d. Temple of the Feathered Serpent (stepped stone pyramid).

i. The feathered serpent was a symbol of fertility, a deity that governed reproduction and life.

e. The ruins of Teotihuacan convey the importance of monumental architecture to Aztec culture.

i. Plaza of the Moon, Street of the Dead, Pyramid of the Sun were massive structures that meant to confirm the importance of spiritual affairs in urban life.

f. Its cultural and economic diffusion, for Teotihuacan’s merchants traded throughout Mesoamerica.

e. Proved to be a cautious and far-sighted politician.

a. Believed that the Roman empire owed its success to divine providence.

b. Viewed the birth of Christ during the rule of the emperor Augustus as no coincidence.

c. He was a bishop in Palestine.

d. Witnessed the prosecution of Christians.

e. Believed the Roman Empire merged the entire race into one unity and concord.

a. Foundation of Islam.

b. Covers all aspects of practical and spiritual life, providing legal principles for marriage contracts, trade regulations, and religious prescriptions such as prayer, pilgrimage rites, and ritual fasting.

c. Filled in the legal questions where the Quran was silent.

i. Local judges exercised their own judgment to handle legal matters in ways they though Muhammad would have wanted.

a. System instituted in medieval Europe after the collapse of the Carolingian Empire whereby each peasant was under the authority of a lord.

i. The collapse of Charlemagne’s empire led to invasion from the Vikings.

ii. They slipped back to being mere agricultural laborers.

1. Agrarian breakthrough – which fueled a commercial transformation that drew Europe into the rest of the global trading networks.

a. Extended worship to the many bodhisattvas who bridged the gulf between the Buddha’s perfection and the world’s sadly imperfect peoples.

i. In Buddhism, a bodhisattva is either an enlightened existence or an enlightenment-being.

ii. Mahayana Buddhism is based principally upon the path of a bodhisattva.

iii. Originated in India.

a. Supreme Ruler.

b. Launched a series of conquests southward across the Great Wall of China, and Westward to Afghanistan and Persia.

i. After the Jin empire… defeated the Jin army.

ii. Invaded Korea in 1231.

c. The Mongols swept through every city's fortifications with unstoppable savagery. Those who weren't immediately slaughtered were driven in front of the Mongol army, serving as human shields when the Mongols took the next city.

a. All about exposure to the old – to classical texts and ancient art and architectural forms.

b. The Italian Renaissance followed on the heels of the Middle Ages, and was spawned by the birth of the philosophy of humanism, which emphasized the importance of individual achievement in a wide range of fields.

i. Under the influence of the humanists, literature and the arts climbed to new levels of importance.

ii. To known more about the human experience beyond what the Christian scriptures offered.

c. The di Medici family contributed greatly to making Florence one of the showplaces of Renaissance art and architecture, as well as the center stage for early Renaissance philosophy.

i. Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, Michelangelo, The Prince – Machiavelli.

a. Cities took shape at the hubs of trading networks all across North America.

i. The largest was Cahokia, along the Mississippi River.

b. A commercial center for regional and long-distance trade.

c. The hinterlands (surrounding vicinities) produced staples for Cahokia’s urban consumers.

i. In return its crafts rode inland on the backs of porters and to distant markets in canoes.

d. The city’s woven fabrics and ceramics were desirable.

e. Mounds dominated the urban landscape.

i. These earthen monuments reveal a sophisticated design and careful maintenance.

f. The city outgrew its environment and its success bred its downfall.

i. Natural resources reached its limit.