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| 3rd son of King of Portugal, explored a lot, motives: land beyond canary islands, develop new trade routes, convert pagans, sought alliances with Christian rulers (Prester John), got involved in slave trade |
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| married Fernando of Eragon, finished Reconquista in 1492, allowed Columbus to go to India, expelled Jews in 1492 |
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| descendent of 1 of the 3 magi, legend is that he ruled a kingdom and his kingdom contained gates of alexander and fountain of youth, had a mirror that could see everywhere, thought to be in India, Henry wanted to find him in Africa, part of everyone's quest for a Christian ally |
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| sent by King John II in 1487 to North Africa to look for Prester John and to get info about India, is disguised a Muslim merchant, gets on Muslim trade ship and finds out route to India, now King John knows how to get there ends up in Ethiopia and decides thats where Prester John is, but king wont let him leave so he dies there |
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| went to King of Portugal, asked for $ to sponsor expedition to India (said no), went to Fernando and Isabella, they say yes, lands in San Salvador, thinks he hit Japan, had 4 voyages, gets captured by King of Portugal who is pissed because all land belongs to him, ends in Treaty, thought earth was smaller than it is |
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| Pope divided world between Spain and Portugal any lands discovered on their half belong to them, 1494, Pope Alexander VI |
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| term meaning rebirth that historians use to refer to the expanded cultural production of European nations between 1300 and 1600 |
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| roman philosopher, statesmen, lawyer, political theorist, one of Rome's greatest orators |
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| political philosophy during the 14th and 15th century that takes from the political language of Aristotelian republicanism, roman statism, and political experience of Roman communes, Main Principles: common good, equality under the la, the republic, peace |
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| means power, leader brought in from outside commune, leads commune, is evaluated by council after he's done, communes exchange podesta |
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| form around occupations, have some political say, end 12th century popolo take control of communes |
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| sworn association of free men collectively holding some public authority, 1080s to 1130s, consular, general assembly, consulate |
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| 1400s-1500s, eduacte by Brethren of Common Life, wrote in Praise of Folly, attacked superstition, did greek edition of new testament, ontroversial, helped Protestant Revolution |
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| now-a-days term for humanists who studied/taught a certain curriculum in Italy in the 14th/15th century, grammar/rhetoric, starts in italy in 14th century |
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| 1304-1374, spent most of his life in Avagnon, Babylonian Captivity, rejected scholasticism,, eduatino should make you a better Christian |
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| 1407-1457, had been brought up in a humanist school, found out donation of Constantine was a fake, did one of the 1st translations of Thucydides |
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| wealthy family in Florence, commission a huge amount of art ,dad a good banker, son a bad banker |
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| renaissance painter, 1452-1519, wanted his art to imitate nature |
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| 1475-1564, was paid by the church to paint |
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| people wealthy enough to commission art (princes, church, despots) ex. Medici |
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| renaissance artist, painted birth of venus, 1400s |
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| born in Mecca, Quraysh tribe, orphaned, part of caravan tribe, married, at 40 felt muslims were losing their values, meets with Angel Gabriel in the desert, wants to preach monotheism, converts father in law goes on to rule yathrib, attacks caravan trade, goes back to mecca, most people convert by 632, dies in 632 |
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| shrine to allah, no one can fight if there is a kabbah there |
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| where mohammad was born, theres a kabah to allah there, important to most religions, cent of muslim religion, haaj |
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| holy text in islam, means recitation, filled with what mohammad learned from gabriel in the desert written down 20 yeras after he died in arabic |
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| deputy or successor to Mohammad 1st is Abu Bakr (islam compulsive), 2nd is Umar (good general), uthman , ali (murdered charismatic) |
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| mohammad's son in law, murdered, put more emphasis on being a charismatic leader |
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| mohammad's father in law, first caliphate after mohammad dies, goes wit him to yathrib, more compulsive |
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| wants ali (M's descendents) to rule, minority |
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| accept the caliphate and do not care who ruels |
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| descendants of uthman, sunnies support them ruling |
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| built capitol in Baghdad, overthrew Umayyad, founded by descendants of M's youngest uncle |
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| 1. no god besides allah, 2. pray 5 times towards mecca, 3. haaj, 4. give money, 5. observe ramadan |
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| first king of franks to unite all the frankish tribes under one ruler, first catholic king to rule gaul, converted to catholicism, founder of Merovingian dynasty (ruled the franks for 2 centuries) |
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| salian Frankish dynasty, ruled for 2 centuries, after the death of clovis kingdom was divided amongst his sons, frequent fighting, fighting weakened power of the kings, ruled much of france/germany, did nto have universal law, christians |
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| king of hte franks from 768, expanded the Kingdom to include much of western adn central europe, conquered italy, had strong sense of divine purpose, forced conversion of pagans, sponsored arts and learning at court, became the first roman emperor in the west since 5th century |
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| late 8th century, increase in literature, writing, arts, architecture, scriptural studies, effects limited to small group of court 'literati', thought that lassical learning was the foundation of Christian wisom, recruited scholars to his court, new style of handwriting, increased easiness of reading |
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| religious way of life characterized by renouncing worldy pursuits to devote yourself to spiritual work, males become monks, females nuns, rule of St. Basil (first one saying monastic rules), Augstinian rule |
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| 3rd son of Charlemagne, reconquered Barcelona, took over a bunch of Spain, brought his sons into government, reign almost torn apart by ivil war between his sons, after his reighn was more civil war ending in Treaty of Verdun (dividing land in 3) |
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| came from Scandinavia, invaded Northern Europe |
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| way to divide fields so that one is a spring crop one is a fall crop and one is fallow, this way you can use more of your land |
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| makes plowing easier, digs deeper into the soil |
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| an economic system in which large agrictultural estates are owned by lords and worked by serfs, comes into practice in the 800s |
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| “unfree”, tied to the land, not allowed to leave without the lord’s permission |
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| ‘horsemanship’ and courtesy, social ideology that emphasized honor, courage, service and loyalty, service to church included |
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| knight could win honor by dedicating himself to the service of a woman, usually someone elses wife, whom he served with faithful adoration, romantic love is starting at this time |
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| 700 to 1300, combined with a warming climate and crop rotation, increased investment in tools/livestock/mills, increased surpluses which lead to increased specialization/efficiency, heavy plow, 3 crop system, manors |
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| commercial/urban revolution |
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| foundation in 9th and 10th century, increased trade routes, expanding market/increased security of goods merchants could provide goods safer, fairs opened up during the rule of Charlemagne, development of towns (provide markets and manufactured goods), expanded immigration |
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| warrior class of the middle ages, follow code of law known as chivalry |
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| started the first crusade, set up Roman court to help run the church, sent troops to Alexius I to help fight crusades and re take the holy city, goals of crusade: bring orthodox back to papacy, embarass Henry IV (had been at war over supremacy of Christendom), hoped to achieve peace at home, wanted Jerusalem, knights could fight for Christendom |
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| byzantine emperor, komnenian restoration, appealed to western europe for help against the turks (catalyst of the crusades), rebuilt the treasury, regained control over balkans, attempt to fight Turks |
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| partial/full remission of temporal punishment due for sins which have already been forgiven |
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| end of the 1000s, “were the attempts of W. Europeans to free the Holy Land from Islamic rule by military force starting from the end of the 11th century and lasting until the crusader states were lost in 1291, Latin Christians, Byzantine Empire needed help, dealing with invasion of Seljun Turks, started moving further west and converting people to Islam, Pope Urban calls Council at Clermont, calls for crusades, goes from helping Byzantine Empire to conquering the Holy Land |
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| Norman Invasion of England, came from Normandy, brought ideas of feudal relations to Engladn, tenants-in-chief (fief and quota of knights), made everybody swear an oath of loyalty |
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| known for extending power thru the courts, legal innovations: common law, system of traveling judges, criminal cases, trial (‘the ordeal’), origin of grand jury |
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| inheritable lands or revenue-producing property granted by a lord to a vassal, anything of value could be held in fief |
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| someone who enters mutual obligations with a monarch in exchange for land/something else, relief: fee that vassal had to pay to a lord to inherit the fief of his father |
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| declaration of fealty in the feudal system |
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| under reign of John he loses land in north France, after he loses the land there is a revolt, hardly anyone is on his side, people write up a list of their demands, this ends up being Magna Carta, tries to pretend like it’s his idea, no taxation without representation, trial by jury, church free from control by the King, king is under same law as everyone else (only pertains to 20% of people) |
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| weird personality, reputation for being greedy, charged highest relief (see above), gets in fight with Phillip II of France, loses land, ends up in revolt and Magna Carta |
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| German Holy Roman Emperor, 1152 (King of Germany), Roman Emperor (1155), called his land Holy Roman Empire, tried to rule with German princes, cost of lengthy war in Italy, achieved compromise with Lombard League (people in Italy) and the papacy, guaranteed political independence of the town in return for $ |
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| supported territorial princes in Germany while enforcing imperial rights in Italy, princes at become autonomous so Frederick had to accept them, Lombard League had shaken off willingness to pay taxes, spent his rule solidifying relationship with German princes, recovering as much land as he could, reestablishing authority over sicily and northern italy, recovering Jerusalem, end result: another lombard league and more fighting |
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| enlarges royal domain, takes land from john, marries into land, built up bureaucracy in France, divided land into balliwicks (ruled by bailli), put bourgeoisie in power |
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| started in monasteries, cluny france, asked for land for monasteries, wanted more focus on religious life, be more disciplined, reform moves to Papacy in 11th century, don’t want priests to be married |
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| put in by Emperor Henry III, went to rome to pick out a Pope, already had ideas of reform, wanted ordinary priests to live more pious lives, get ride of abuses (clerical marriage), wants to get rid of simony (buying and selling of church offices), wanted control over appointments of abbots |
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| becomes Pope, adds ‘lay investiture’ to get rid of list, sends out proclamation, says if you (henry) don’t follow i’ll excommunicate you AND no one has to listen to you, Henry has to go ask for forgivness |
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| new emperor when Gregory is the Pope, thinks he will still go by investiture, Pope says hell no I’ll excommunicate you, they end up with Concordat of Worms (both are dead), gets resolved by saying King agrees to free elctions and not giving signs of office, King can be present at elections in Germany |
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| France, went to duke of Aquitanea nd asked for land for new monastery, more disciplined religious life, rule of St. Benedict (pray, read, manual labor) |
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| graceful architecture emerging after the romanesque style of in 12th and 13th century France, the style is characterized by pointed arches, delicate decoration, and large windows |
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| gothic church architecture, lateral forces pushing a wall outwards, 1. massive vertical masonry block, and the wall “flyer" |
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| intersection of 2 or 3 barrel vaults when they are edged with an armature of piped masonry carved with decorative patterns, demonstrates the skill of hte masons and grandeur of new ideas |
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| method of teaching and learning in the middle ages that relied on teh use of logic to solve intellectual problems, end of 11th cnetury, used in all disciplines, way of resolving clashes between reason and faith |
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| one of the 1st people to use scholastic method, started to travel to cathedral schools, arrogantly smart, ends up at Notre Dame, kicked out, decides to teach, masters won’t let him teach so he teaches on a boat, met Heloise, have affair, he hires thugs to chop off Heloise’s uncle’s penis when she gets prego, go to convent and monastery, goes back to paris and teaches again, writes sic et no, sets up 150 questions that arise from reading the fathers of the church |
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| daughter of a canon in Notre Dame, gets pregnant goes to a convent |
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| cathedral schools convert to universities in teh 13th century, mean ‘intellectual guild’, study liberal arts (especially logic) and philosophy, theology, law, Paris/Bologna/Oxford, form by the end of 12th century, terminology starts in 13th |
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| wanted to keep Aristotle and Arab writers, dominican, taught at University of Paris, science and faith can both arrive at truth, sometimes one is more appropriate than the other, summary of theology, tried to reconcile the two |
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| 2nd half of the 12th century works get translated into Latin, lower spain and sicily translate them from Arabic, sophisticated logical works get translated first, known as ‘the philosopher’ |
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| arab commentator, translated during recovery of aristotle |
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| roman catholic order of indepedent monastic communities that observe the rule of st. benedict, made contributions in faith economics education adn government from 550 to 1150 (benedictine centuries) |
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| arched form used to provide a space with a ceiling or roof, lateral thrust that require a counter resistance |
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| particular popular devotion to the saints, honor or give respect |
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| Yersinia pestis: disease of rodents (black rats), 3 kinds: bubonic plague (swelling near lymphnodes, high fever, skin turns black from hemorrage, smell, mental problems, 50 to 90% die), septacaemic (infects blood stream, always die), pneumonic (infects lungs, most rare, can be spread easily, similar to pneumonia), not the first time they hit europe, came from teh east, mortality rate: 30%, 1361-1500 plauge returns every 15 to 20 years, people thought it was a judgement of God |
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| christian martyr and saint, bishop of paris, had his head chopped off but carried it and preached for 6 miles, had converted a lot of people |
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| invented by Gutenberg (probably), typography was invented really (reusable type), need prior development of: printers ink, presses, paper making, incunabula: more books printed 1450 to 1500 than had been handwritten IN ALL OF HISTORY |
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| pope lived in Avignon France from 1305 to 1377, “Babylonian Captivity”, Clement V left Italy for a while, didn’t intend for it to be permanent, geographical advantages: easier to get to and less dangerous, increased bureaucracy, needed money for wars in papal states |
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| Gregory XI (1370-1378), pope to go back to rome, chose Urban VI, thought this election was bias so they chose another one, 2 sets of popes and cardinals are chosen, neither back down, people thought that death would help but didn’t |
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| plan to heal schism, limit papacy with councils, called in pisa in 1409 elected a new one...so on and so forth |
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| conquers china, central asia, russia, poland, hungary, people think he could be Prester John, uses psychological warfare, have a more powerful bow |
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| Christian merchant from Venetian Republic wrote book which introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China, traveled and when he came back Venice and Genoa were at war, thrown in jail, released and then got married and became a wealthy merchant |
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| as a voluntary contribution as a tax or levy, usually to support a religious organization, these in turn paid the people who worked for the monastery |
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| walked around flagellating, thougt it purified you of your sins, reaction to plague |
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| 15th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, 1414, ended the western schism (desposing or accepting the regisnation of popes), condemned and executed Jan Huse (for heresy), talked about rights of pagans, war, development of councilarism and papal supremacy |
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