1. German anthropologist
2. Influence over Java Man
3. First to discover that major pathways to absorb cerebrospinal fluid were lymphatic pathways

1. Excavation site of a population of individuals
2. Discovered in 1899
3. 75 different individuals
4. Neanderthals (30K~)
5. Cracked marrow bones

1. Personally studied hominid fossils
2. Worked independently but hypothesized similar ideas on human evolution
3. Two theories = HS > NEAN > HE & HS > HE
4. Believed the first theory was more accurate

1. Neanderthal site
2. Man (40-50 years old) found
3. Unhealthy = arthritis 
4. Caused misconceptions of what neanderthals looked like
5. Indicated that the man was taken care of

1. One of the greatest hoax of 20th c.
2. Skull & jaw found by Dawson; skull(1400cc) = human-like & jaw = ape-like
3. lasted 50 years
4. Re-investigated; jaw = orangutan, skull = 800 years old
5. HOAX WAS BUSTED

1. Discovered in 1924
2. Australopithecus Africanus 
3. Found by quarrymen in Limestone co.
4. 2.5 million years old
5. 360 cc
6. 3'6" (20-40 pounds)

1. Australopithecus site
2. First most complete skeleton found (Mrs. Please aka Sts5)

1. South ape from Africa (~4 million)
2. Feet = ape-like
3. Bipedal/ Upright
4. Exaggerated long arms and slow running speed

1. a measure of the volume of the interior of the cranium
2. used as a rough indicator of the potential intelligence of the organism

1. 2 million years old
2. Hippo butchery site

1. 3.5 to 3.8 million years old
2. 30-40ft of just footprints
3. Footprints belong to two people; one only 4' and the other 4'10" 
4. Identical to homo sapien footprints 

1. 780-810 ce
2. 1.8 million years old
3. Skull was found in 300+ pieces
4. one of the first skulls found with an enlarged cranium

1. "Lucy" (3.2 million~)
2. Australopithecus Afarensis
3. 1974, Hadar Ethiopia
4. Showed signs of walking upright
5. Only 40% of skeleton found

1. Found at Sterkfontine site
2. Mrs. Please
3. First most complete skeleton ever found 

1. Fossilized pelvis and vertebrae of an Australopithecus Africanus  
2. Discovered in 1947 in Sterkfontein
3. 2.6-2.8 millions years old
4. Indicated pre-hominid bipedality 

1. Secondary carnivores (big game hunting)
2. Long bones = twice as thick as h.sapien
3. Bones = robust
4. 3rd molar is smaller than 2nd molar
5. Incisors = largest = meat eating
6. Sexual Dimorphism = women (larger) & mean (smaller)

1. Floating animals & handprints
2. Shamans = "a different layer of the cosmos"
3. Two theories = depicts shaman-ism or done by teenagers (graffiti) 
4. Animals = accurate = sexual dimorph. 

1. Widely studied
2. Arguable whether nean. were part of a diff species due to their large noses
3. The neanderthals had big noses because it was an adaptation for the cold. Since the nean. had to endure harsh, dry, cold climates, their noses grew bigger to supply moist air for breathing

1. Depicted as short and stocky = adaptation to preserve heat in cold climates
2. Big noses
3. 1600 cc

1. Neanderthal skull found (1979)
2. 35,000 years old

Opposite of nocturnal + hunting 

"Diurnal animals are active during the day"

1. German Anthropologist
2. Discovered that the Piltdown Man was a hoax
3. Determined that the skull was 800 years old and the jaw belonged to an orangutan using a burn and taste test