Term
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Definition
*When:After 1800
*What:Organized by figures in the Washington administration who were in favor of a strong fedral gov,friendship w/British and opposition to the French Revolution.Power Base was among merchants,property owners and urban workers tied to the commerical economy.Regionally strong only in New England.
*Significance:Supported ratification of the Constitution.Wanted to allow individual states to set their own agendas and determine the handling of issues.Modern day examples-Abortion,gay marriage etc. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1798
*What:Federalists passed 4 acts limiting both freedom of speech and the freedom of the press and threatening the liberty of foreigners in the U.S.
*Significance:1.Extended the period of residence required for citizenship from 5 to 14 yrs.2.Authorized the president to order the imprisonment or deportation of suspected aliens during wartime.3.Provided heavy fines and imprisonment for anyone convicted of writing,publishing or speaking anthing of a false or malicious nature against the government. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1790
*What:Several acts passed by the U.S.Congress regulating commerce between American Indians and non-Indians and restricting travel by non-Indians onto Indian land.
*Significance:Identified the "Indian Territory." |
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Term
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Definition
*When:After the War of 1812.
*What:Economic plan consisting of a high tariff to support internal improvements(road building,national bank).
*Significance:1.20%-25% tax on imported goods.2.Establishent of national bank that would promote a single currency,making trade easier.3.Improvement of nation's infrastructure(transportation systems) |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1817-1824
*What:Phrase given to Monroe's presidency.
*Significance:After winning the election of 1816.Went to Boston and was welcomed by the Federalists. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1819-1821
*What:Agreement between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in U.S. involving regulation of slavery in the western territories.
*Significance:Prohibited slavery for all new states north of Arkansas excluding Missouri. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1831
*What:American slave who led the slave rebellion in Southampton County Virginia.
*Significance:Started with a few slaves then grew to 50 slaves and free blacks.Aug 21st,rebels went house to house freeing the slaves and killng all the whites. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1820's
*What:was a prominent U.S. Southern politician and political philosopher from South Carolina
*Significance:Nicknamed the "cast steel man".Pushed theory of nullification,a states rights theory under which states could declare null and void and federal law they deemed to be unconstitutional. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1820's
*What:Founder and leader of the Whig Party.leading advocate of programs for modernizing the economy(factories, canals, railroads and banks).
*Significance: |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1830
*What:Law passed in order to facilitate the relocation of Native Americans living east of the Mississipi River to go further west.
*Significance:Didn't remove just authorized the pres. to negotiate land-exchange treaties w/tribes. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1838
*What:Removal of the last Cherokee indians, driven west to Oklahoma.
*Significance:resulted in the deaths of 16,000 india ns. |
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Term
| Second American Party System |
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Definition
*When:1830's
*What:(Whigs & Democrats)DEMOCRATS-Inherited Jefferson's beliefs of small, independent farmer. Didn't like big business.Power Base-South/West(rural regions)Didn't like interference(govt. or Bank of U.S)Favored expansion,Indian Removal,freedom of the "common man" Most were opposed to rapid social/economic changes.WHIGS- Opposed to Jackson.Favored Clay's"strong central govt. Bank of U.S.,protective tariff and internal improvements.Also wanted to people as well.Religion was important.Believed rich/poor capable of self-discipline that would lead to a good life.Favored gov't intervention(economic/social)-education/social reforms.Power Base-New England/northern part of the West(among voters who benefited from increased commercialism and among some southern planters and urban merchants)
*Significance:(Campaign of 1840)Whigs won.William Harrison dies so V.P(John Tyler) takes over. He vetoed series of bills embodying all the elements of Clay's American system:Tariffs,internal improvements,Bnk of U.S.Whigs eventually forced Tyler and cabinet out of office. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1820's-1830's
*What:Textile Factory in Massachusetts.Relied on young, unmarried women laborers.Because many people considered employment of women to be immoral,factory owners emphasized maintenance of proper environment(strict curfews,mandated church attendance,provided workers with healthy diet,maintained high degree of cleanliness.)Wages were not good compared to standards then.
*Significance:Some women worked out of need but most as an opportunity to escape from rural isolation and parental supervision.Made large profit,but due to poor economic conditions,owners imposed wage cuts and this eventually destroyed the the system entirely. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1825
*What:Evangelist who preached a doctrine of "perfectionism",claiming it was possible for all Christians to personally understand and live by God's will and can become "as perfect as God."
*Significance:Prayer meetings were held in schools and businesses and religious services were held in people's homes.Evangelism aided what was often a profound personal transformation in the market's stringent new demands. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1845ish
*What:Journalist,women's right activist.Associated with transcendentalism.Patronized by Emerson bc she was female.Wrote Women in the 19th Century,which argues for the independence of women.
*Significance:Participated in Liberal Italian Revolution of 1848. |
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Term
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Definition
*What:1820's-1840's
*What:Refers to the anti-liquor movement,led mainly by white,middle class,Protestant women who saw heavy drinking as a threat to the moral fabric of American Society.Often targeted Irish/German immigrants.
*Significance:Eventually helped reduce the amount of liqour consumed in America.Would be example of reform movement. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1800-1808
*What:Heart of Jefferson's antifederalist agenda as president.Believed that the best way to insure a democratic America was to build a society based on small family farms and rural communities rather than factories and big cities.Led him to pursue a policy of expansion(Louisiana Purchase)seeking more land for farmers.
*Significance:Created new conflicts with Native Americans already living on the lands Jefferson sought to open. |
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Term
| American Colonization Society |
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Definition
*When:1817
*What:Society formed by northern religious reformers(Quakers/southern slave owners)Belived free blacks should emigrate to Liberia,Africa.Although some members of the society encouraged granting freedom to slaves,the majority saw the relocation as a means to reduce the # of free blacks in the U.S.
*Significance:Ineffective and only sent 1,400 to Africa. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1831
*What:Left the American Coloniztion Society.Became involved with opposition to slavery and published his own paper(the Liberator.)His approach was to condemn slavery as sinful and demanding its immediate abolishment.Formed the American Anti-Slavery Society(1833.)
*Significance:This social movement soo became a national political issue.Thousands of petitions requesting the abolition of slavery were denied by Congress."Gag rule" passed(1836-prohibited discussion of antislavery petitions.)Split between white/black abolitionists.
Abolitionist movement turned into politcs and later led to formation of the Republican Party and to the Civil War. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1848
*What:First Women's Rights Convention."Birthplace of feminist movement."Group of men/women met to discuss the legal limitations imposed on women during this period(social,civil,religious.)Men had deprived women of legal rights,rights to own their own property,custody of their children(divorce),right to higher education and the right to full participation in religious worship and the right to vote.
*Significance:Proclaimed that all men and women were equal.Voting provision caused most debate, ultimately document was adopted and signed. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1845
*What:Phrase(John Sullivan) that expressed the belief that U.S. had mission to expand,spreading its form of democracy and freedom.Belief that it was the destiny of the U.S. to occupy all of N.America.
*Significance:Indian/Mexican inhabitants of the region soon found themselves swept aside by American settlement. |
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Term
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
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Definition
*When:1848
*What:Peace Treaty that ended Mexican-American War.Provided for Mexican Cession(ceded 525,000 sq miles to U.S. in exchange for $15million.) Included:Colorado,Arizona,New Mexico,Wyoming.Signed by Nicholas Trist.
*Significance:Eliminated Article 10 |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1846
*What:Proposal that would have outlawed slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico by the U.S. due to Mexican-American War.
*Significance:Southern Whigs joined southern Democrats to vote against slavery. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1850's
*What:Newspapers,magazines,and communication improvements of all kinds created national audience for American scholars.
*Significance:Thoreau->published Walden(about Market Revolution)Hawthorne->published the Scarlet Letter(critical aspects of Puritan New England)Moby Dick(nature of good/evil and a critique of American society)Frederck Douglass' autobiography(told his brutal life as a slave.)
Harriet Beecher Stowe->Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin.(slavery issue) |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1850
*What:Increased the power of slave owners to capture escaped slaves.Gov't supported slave owners and although fugitives were allowed a hearing,they weren't allowed to testify on their own behalf.New law imposed federal penalties on citizens who protected or assisted fugitives.
*Significance:Many blacjs emigrated to Canada.Was a reality for people of the free states.Made more to believe that slavery was wrong. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1855
*What:Sequence of violent events involving Free States(anti-slavery) and Pro-slavery.Took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory.
*Significance:Open warfare.Proslavery forces burned and looted the town of Lawrence.Families in rural towns in Kansas were forced to flee. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1856
*What:Slave who sued unsuccessfully for his freedom.Dred Scott v.Sandford. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1860's
*What:She was a hospital administrator for Union soldiers during Civil War.Became chief of nursing and served at Battle of Vicksburg.
*Significance:By end of the war,she had built 300 hospitals and aided the wounded on 19 battlefields. |
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Term
| Emancipation Proclamation |
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Definition
*When:1860's
*What:Freed the slaves in areas that the Union didn't control.Exempted slaves in the border states.
*Significance:Led to the 13th amendment which officially abolished slavery throughout all of the U.S. |
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Term
| New York City Draft Riots |
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Definition
*When:1863
*What:Series of violent disturbances that were the culmination of discontent w/the new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight in Civil War.Targets->draft offices,police and mostly blacks.
*Significance: |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1865
*What:Provided economic,educational,legal assistance to former slaves in post Civil War years.Provided food and clothing to destitute former slaves.Often called upon to settle disputes between black/white Southerners over wages,labor,contract,rights and violence.
*Significance:Succeeded in giving medical care to over one million people. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1865
*What:Amendment that officially abolished slavery and continues to prohibit slavery. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1868
*What:Due Process and Equal Protection.Provides broad definition of national citizenship.Requires the state to provide equal protection under the law to all persons. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1869
*What:Prohibited denial of suffrage bc of race,color or previous condition of servitude.
*Significance:Women Suffragists opposed. |
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Term
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Definition
*When:1882
*What:Act excluded new immigration of chinese laborers from immigrating to the U.S.for 10 yrs.
*Significance:Control the population of the Chinese. Avoid over population. |
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