Term
|
Definition
| First National Park; March 1, 1872 by President Grant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gave the president power to create National Monuments |
|
|
Term
| National Parks 1900's vs. Now |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| National Monuments 1900s vs. Now |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allows designation of park or non-park federal lands as wilderness areas; prohibits building of roads, buildings in these wilderness areas |
|
|
Term
| Hierarchical Structure of the Park Service |
|
Definition
| 1. secretary of the interior 2. director of National Park Service 3. Park Superintendent 4. Park Rangers and Park Naturalists |
|
|
Term
| How can parks be established? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can National Monuments be established? |
|
Definition
| by presidential action alone |
|
|
Term
| Difference between National Parks and National Monuments |
|
Definition
| Variety of features, large in size v. one/few significant features, small in size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the description and origin of landforms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region with definable borders within which the rocks, geologic structure and history, and landforms are similar |
|
|
Term
| what geomorphic province is Oxford in? |
|
Definition
| the Till Plans section of the Central Lowlands province (flat plains underlain by glacial till and dissected by steep-sided stream valleys) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the collision of micro-continents that were to the west and approach and collide with North America in the Silurian era (430 Ma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chain of hotspot islands, younger to the southeast; each island takes about 1 million years to form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hill or mountain built from volcanic eruptions and usually have a central vent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) active: erupted without recent history
2) dormant: inactive at present but has potential to become active again based on plate tectonic setting
3) Extinct: no recent activity, highly eroded, plate tectonic setting suggests no future risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large, gently sloped volcano built of innumerable layers of thin runny basaltic lava |
|
|
Term
| the Island of Hawaii consists of... |
|
Definition
| 5 individual shield volcanoes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a wide, low slping accumulation of basaltic lava |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pahoehoe, Aa, Pillow Lava, Vesicular basalt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basaltic lava that forms a ropy upper surface as it flows; thin and runny because it's hot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basaltic lava that forms a jagged rubbly broken surface as it flows, doesnt flow as well as pahoehoe because its cooler |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basaltic lava that erupts into the ocean to form bulbous (pillow-shaped)masses; forms when lava erupts into a large water body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gas bubbles "frozen" in the hardened lava- "lava rock" used in gas grills (scoria) |
|
|
Term
| Indicators of volcanic activity |
|
Definition
| seismic activity (rising magma), bulging tilt or uplift of volcano's surface, changes in volcanic gas composition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a lava feature; gas pressure buildup, flank eruptions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lava feature; glassy strings and pellets resulting from fountaining activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lava feature; convey molten lava far from its source-insulating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lava feature; sticky fairly solid lava fragments roll down slope and pick up other lava chunks on the way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lava feature, unstable mass of lava formed at beach-collapse is common and dangerous |
|
|
Term
| Lava lakes and Lava falls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| magma draining followed by gourndwater inflow can cause explosive eruptions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka tephra jets; tidal zone mixing of lava and seawater which causes small black glassy fragments to be sprayed around (black sand beaches) |
|
|
Term
| When does a tephra jet occur? |
|
Definition
| when hot lava contacts sea water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Mt. McKinley? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Alaska dominated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What geomorphic province is Katmai in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Aleutian Range Province consist of? |
|
Definition
| a volcanic area: a chain of active and dormant volcanoes (approximately 60) |
|
|
Term
| Subduction type volcanism is known for what characteristic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka composite volcanoes; form from alternating eruptions of lava and pyroclastics of intermediate-high silica content |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| circular depressiong that forms when a magma chamber collapses after a violent eruption of gas, ash, and rock fragments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viscous lava that plugs a volcano's vent- can occur after the main eruption |
|
|
Term
| what type of volcano is Mt. Fuji? |
|
Definition
| A stratovolcano (in Japan) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the two-stage eruptions typical in stratovolcanoes? |
|
Definition
| first stage: violent eruption of ash due to the release of magma and accumulated volatiles in the upper part of the magma chamber; second stage: effusive (non-violent) eruption of remaining magma as thick, stick lava flows |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of water vapor (steam)? |
|
Definition
| separates from magma to create bubbles which make froth- decreases weight on the magma below making it rise more rapidly |
|
|
Term
| Which was greater, the eruption at St. Helens of the eruption of Mt. Katmai and Novarupta? |
|
Definition
| 1912 Eruption of Mt. Katmai and Novarupta (30 times greater) |
|
|
Term
| What is another word for tephra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is tephra affected by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are two other words for ash flows? |
|
Definition
| nuees ardentes and pyroclastic flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hot volcanic ash+ steam that fall away from the edges of an eruptive column and pour down slope-- extremely dangerous, deadly... incinerate everything in their path |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hole or vent from which volcanic fumes or gases are issued |
|
|
Term
| What NP is in the Pacific Border Province? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Pacific Border Province ranges from.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the time sequence of plate boundary changes in PBP |
|
Definition
| 200-40 Ma: subduction along the west coast of Na; 20 Ma: middle of subduction zone replaced by transform boundary; Present: longer transform boundary separating smaller subduction zones |
|
|
Term
| Activity of Juan de Fuca plate |
|
Definition
| subducting under the northern PBP (washington, oregon, and N. California) |
|
|
Term
| What does subduction generally create? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rain shadow effect of Olympic NP |
|
Definition
| creates wet conditions on upwind sides and arid condition on downwind sides of mountains; because of the rain shadow effect- the Hoh Rainforest exists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka accretionary wedge; a body of rock made from blocks of all sizes embedded in a generally sheared matrix |
|
|
Term
| What is the Hoh River in ONP fed by? |
|
Definition
| rainfall and glacial meltwater |
|
|
Term
| What is crucial for the survival of Redwoods? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rank the following in order of deadliness: earthquakes, floods, volcanoes, and hurricanes |
|
Definition
1. hurricanes
2. earthquakes
3. floods
4. volcanoes |
|
|
Term
| Volcanic hazards can vary in scope (2) |
|
Definition
1. Local: fairly close to the volcano
2. Global: climate, other atmospheric affects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Ash Falls
2. Ash Flows
3. Disease and Famine
4. Lateral flows
5. Lava flows
6. Toxic gases
7. Tsunami
8. Volcanic Mudflows |
|
|
Term
| What can and what cannont avoid harm from lava flows? |
|
Definition
| People can avoid harm from lava flows but infrastructure can not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fine particles of pyroclastic material |
|
|
Term
| 3 Effects of Volcanic Ash |
|
Definition
1) Roof Collapse: less than 20 cm of ash will overload a typical roof
2) Breathing difficulty: lung tissue is harmed
3) Engine Failure: especially airplane crashes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Create high-speed ash-rich shock waves called surges; *flatten forests and kill nearly everything in their path by heat.abrasion.and impact.* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka Volcanic Mud Flows; ash and larger pyroclastic materials mixed with water that flow like a river of wet concrete and destroy everything in their path |
|
|
Term
| Dissolved gases in Magmas are either |
|
Definition
| poisonous and/or corrosive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tasteless, odorless, colorless; heavier than air; displaces air (suffocation) |
|
|
Term
| Types of poisonous and/or corrosive gases include: |
|
Definition
| sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid fumes |
|
|
Term
| Causes of volcanic tsunami |
|
Definition
| violent eruptions of oceanic volcanoes over subduction zones (Indonesia); landslides associated with volcano flank failures (Hawaii) |
|
|
Term
| How are volcanic eruptions associated with our health and wellness? |
|
Definition
| ash falls can cover farmland-famine; climate effects cause widespread crop failure and famine; dead humans and animals can lead to unsanitary conditions leading to disease |
|
|
Term
| Explain climate change from volcanism |
|
Definition
| ash and sulfur dioxide are sent high into the atmosphere where they block significant amounts of incoming sunlight and cause decreased global temperatures; sulfur dioxide can also aggravate ozono depletion |
|
|
Term
| Where is Mt. Pinatubo and what were its effects? |
|
Definition
| in the Philippines; the eruption's ash cloud spread around the entire world for a few weeks. |
|
|
Term
| Three types of volcanic activities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Precursors to volcanic eruptions include: |
|
Definition
1. Seismic Activity (rising magma)
2. Bulging, tilt, or uplift of volcano's surface (rising magma)
3. changes in volcanic gas composition, especially sulfur dioxide (rising magma) |
|
|
Term
| what is the cascade range volcanism caused by? |
|
Definition
| the subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate under the northwestern United States |
|
|
Term
| What kind of volcano is Mt. Rainier? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you tell if a volcano has erupted recently by looking at its physical shape? |
|
Definition
| If it has a smooth profile, it has erupted recently. If it is jagged, glacial erosion has caused it to be this way and it has not erupted recently. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main risk from Rainier? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Rainier undergoing erosion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a caldera in the Cascade Range of Oregon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large depression formed as a result of eruption |
|
|
Term
| What eruption produced the largest known volume of ash of any volcano? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large, balloon-shaped plution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to a batholith but smaller |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tabular body of igneous rock that cuts across layered or non-layered rocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tabular body of igneous rock that lies parallel to the layers of a layered rock body |
|
|
