Term
|
Definition
-study of the structure of an organism
-"cutting up" |
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Term
|
Definition
| -study of the function of living organisms and their parts |
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Term
| Relationship of Anatomy and Physiology |
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Definition
| -certain parts of the body are formed (anatomy) in specific ways to allow the function (physiology) to work properly |
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Term
| Structural Levels of Organization |
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Definition
-atoms
-molecules
-protein filaments
-cells
-tissues
-organs
-organ systems
-organism |
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Term
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Definition
| -fit in the cellular level |
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Term
|
Definition
-erect or standing position
-arms at the sides
-palms turned forward
-head and feet point forward
-gives reference point
-gives meaning to directional terms used to describe body parts and regions |
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Term
|
Definition
-toward the head
-upper
-above |
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Term
|
Definition
-toward the feet
-lower
-below |
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Term
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Definition
| -toward the midline of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
-toward the side of the body
-away from its midline |
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Term
|
Definition
-toward the trunk of the body
-nearest the trunk of the body
-nearest the point of origin of one of its parts |
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Term
|
Definition
-away from the trunk
-farthest from the trunk
-farthest from the point of origin of a body part |
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Term
|
Definition
-horizontal or crosswise plane
-divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower portions |
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Term
|
Definition
-lengthwise plane
-divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides |
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Term
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Definition
| -divides the body into equal halves |
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Term
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Definition
| -divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior (front and back) portions |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-cranial cavity (brain)
-spinal cavity (spinal cord) |
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Term
|
Definition
-thoracic cavity
-mediastinum (trachea, heart, blood vessels)
-pleural cavities (lungs)
-abdominal cavities (liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, parts of large intestine
-pelvic cavity (lower colon, rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs) |
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Term
| Nine Regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity |
|
Definition
-right hypochondriac
-epigastric
-left hypochondriac
-right lumbar
-umbilical
-left lumbar
-right iliac (inguinal)
-hypogastric
-left iliac (inguinal) |
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Term
|
Definition
-constancy of the internal environment
-balance the body tries to maintain by keeping its internal environment "staying the same" |
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Term
|
Definition
-oppose (or negate) a change in controlled condition
-reverses changes back to normal value in order to stabilize conditions
-example: decreasing blood oxygen concentration caused by muscles using oxygen during exercise is counteracted by an increase in breathing to bring the blood oxygen level back up to normal |
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Term
|
Definition
-temporarily amplify the change that is occurring
-uterine contractions
-blood clotting |
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Term
|
Definition
-subatomic particle
-positive charge
-found in nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
-subatomic particle
-uncharged
-found in nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
-subatomic particles
-negative charge
-found in orbitals |
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Term
|
Definition
| -the number of protons in the nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
| -number of protons and neutrons combined |
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Term
|
Definition
| -atoms share, donate, or borrow electrons to become more chemically stable |
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Term
|
Definition
| -electrically charged atoms or groups of atoms |
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Term
|
Definition
-forms between an atom that has only one or two electrons in the outermost level and an atom that needs only one or two electrons to fill its outermost level
-the atom with one or two electrons "donates" its outer shell electrons to the other |
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Term
|
Definition
| -ionic molecules dissolve in water (water molecule wedge between ions and force them apart)to form free ions |
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Term
|
Definition
| -molecules that form ions when dissolved in water |
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Term
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Definition
| -atoms fill their energy levels by sharing electrons |
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Term
| Four Types of Organic Compounds |
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Definition
-carbohydrate
-lipid
-protein
-nucleic acid |
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Term
|
Definition
-monosaccharide (single unit) is used as a source of energy and used to build other carbohydrates
-disaccharide (two units) can be broken into monosaccharides
-polysaccharide (many units) is used to store monosaccharides (thus to store energy) |
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Term
|
Definition
-triglyceride (one glycerol, three fatty acids) stores energy
-phospholipid (phosphorous-containing unit, two fatty acids) forms cell membranes
-cholesterol (four carbon rings at core) transports lipids; is basis of steroid hormones |
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Term
|
Definition
-structural proteins (amino acids) form structures of the body (fibers)
-functional proteins (amino acids) facilitate chemical reactions;send signals; regulate functions (enzymes, hormones) |
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Term
|
Definition
-DNA (nucleotides-contain deoxyribose) contains information (genetic code) for making proteins
-RNA (nucleotides-contani ribose) serves as a copy of a portion of the genetic code |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-most important inorganic molecule
-most essential to life
-most abundant compound in the body |
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Term
|
Definition
-reactants combine only after hydrogen and oxygen atoms are removed
-the leftover H and O atoms come together forming water
-reaction in which water is lost from the reactants |
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Term
|
Definition
-water disrupts the bonds in large molecules, causing them to be broken down into smaller molecules
-virtually the reverse of dehydration synthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
-substance that shifts the H+/OH- balance in favor of H+; opposite of base
-pH of less than 7 |
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Term
|
Definition
-substance that shifts the H+/OH- balance against H+; opposite of acid
-also known as alkaline
-pH of greater than 7 |
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Term
|
Definition
-mathematical expression of relative H+ concentration in an aqueous solution
-pH of 7 is neutral
-pH values above 7 are basic or alkalinic
-pH levels below 7 are acidic |
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Term
| Three Main Subdivisions of the Cell |
|
Definition
-plasma membrane
-cytoplasm
-nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
-forms outer boundary of cell
-thin, two-layered membrane of phospholipid-containing proteins
-is selectively permeable |
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Term
|
Definition
-internal living material of cells
-lies between plasma membrane and nucleus
-contains organelles
- |
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Term
|
Definition
-controls cell because it contains the genetic code (instructions for making proteins, which in turn determine cell structure and function)
-component structures include nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, and chromatic granules
-46 chromosomes contain DNA, which contains the genetic code
-limited ability to fix damage to DNA
-control center |
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Term
|
Definition
-little organs:
-ribosomes
-endoplasmic reticulum
-Golgi apparatus
-mitochondria
-lysosomes
-centrioles
-cilia
-flagella |
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Term
|
Definition
-may attach to rough ER or lie free in cytoplasm
-manufacture proteins
-often called protein factories |
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Term
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
|
Definition
-network of connecting sacs and canals
-carry substances through cytoplasm
-rough ER collects and transports proteins made by ribosomes
-smooth ER synthesizes chemicals; makes new membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
-group of flattened sacs near nucleus
-chemically processes, then packages substances from the ER |
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Term
|
Definition
-membrane-enclosed packets containing digestive enzymes
-have protective function (eat microbes)
-garbage disposal of the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
-paired organelles that lie at right angles to each other near nucleus
-function in cell reproduction |
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Term
| Two Main Types of Transport in the Cell |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-fine, hairlike extensions found on free or exposed surfaces of some cells
-capable of moving in unison in a wavelike fashion |
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Term
|
Definition
-single projections extending from cell surfaces; much larger than cilia
-"tails" of sperm cells only example of flagella in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| -ribosomes play a crucial role |
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Term
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Definition
| -centrioles play a crucial role |
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Term
|
Definition
-large molecule shaped like staircase
-sugar (deoxyribose)and phosphate units compose sides of the molecule
-base pairs (adenine-thymine, guanine-cytosine)compose "steps"
-base pairs always the same but sequence differs in different DNA molecules
-gene (specific sequence of base pairs within a DNA molecule) |
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Term
|
Definition
-sugar(ribose) and phosphate
-base pairs (adenine-thymine, guanine-uracil)
-mRNA (messenger), tRNA(transport RNA), rRNA (ribosomal) |
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Term
|
Definition
-double-stranded DNA separates to form mRNA
-each strand of mRNA duplicates a particular gene from a segment of DNA
-mRNA molecules pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where they direct protein synthesis in ribosomes and ER |
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Term
|
Definition
-involves synthesis of proteins in cytoplasm by ribosomes
-requires use of information contained in mRNA |
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Term
|
Definition
-prophase
-metaphase
-anaphase
-telophase |
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Term
|
Definition
-first stage
-chromatin granules become organized
-chromosomes appear
-centrioles move away from nucleus
-nuclear envelope disappears, freeing genetic material
-spindle fibers appear |
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Term
|
Definition
-second stage
-chromosomes align across center of cell
-spindle fibers attach themselves to each chromatid |
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Term
|
Definition
-third stage
-centromeres break apart
-separated chromatids then called chromosomes
-chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of cell
-cleavage furrow develops at end |
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Term
|
Definition
-fourth stage
-cell division is completed
-nuclei appear in daughter cells
-nuclear envelope and nucleoli appear
-cytoplasm is divided (cytokinesis)
-daughter cells become fully functional |
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Term
| Four Main Types of Tissues |
|
Definition
-epithelial tissue
-connective tissue
-muscle tissue
-nervous tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
-covers the body and many of its parts
-lines various parts of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
-most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body
-found in skin, membranes, muscles, bones, nerves, and all internal organs
-delicate, paper-thin webs that hold internal organs together and give them shape
-exists as strong and tough cords, rigid bones, and fluid (blood) |
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Term
|
Definition
-movement specialists of the body
-ability to shorten and contract
-skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
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Term
|
Definition
-provide rapid communication between body structures and control of body functions
-neurons and glial cells |
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Term
| Four Shapes of Epithelial Cells |
|
Definition
-squamous
-cuboidal
-columnar
-transitional |
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Term
|
Definition
-skin
-hair
-nails
-sense receptors
-sweat glands
-oil glands |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-brain
-spinal cord
-nerves |
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Term
|
Definition
-pituitary gland
-pineal gland
-hypothalamus
-thyroid gland
-parathyroid
-thymus
-adrenals
-pancreas
-ovaries (females)
-testes (males) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-lymph nodes
-lymph vessels
-thymus
-spleen
-tonsils |
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Term
|
Definition
-nose
-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-lungs |
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Term
| Digestive System (Primary Organs) |
|
Definition
-mouth
-pharynx
-esophagus
-stomach
-small intestine
-large intestine
-rectum
-anal canal |
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Term
| Digestive System (Accessory Organs) |
|
Definition
-teeth
-salivary glands
-tongue
-liver
-gallbladder
-pancreas
-appendix |
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Term
|
Definition
-kidneys
-ureters
-urinary bladder
-urethra |
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Term
| Reproductive System (Males) |
|
Definition
-gonads (testes)
-genital ducts (vas deferens, erethra)
-accessory organs (prostate)
-genitalia (penis, scrotum) |
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Term
| Reproductive System (Female) |
|
Definition
-gonads (ovaries)
-accessory organs (uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina)
-genitalia (vulva)
-mammary glands (breasts) |
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Term
|
Definition
-cutaneous
-serous
-mucous
-synovial |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-epithelial
-lines body cavities and covers surfaces of organs |
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Term
|
Definition
-epithelial
-line body surfaces that open directly to the exterior
-produce mucus, a thick secretion that keeps the membranes soft and moist |
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Term
|
Definition
-connective
-produce a lubricant called synovial fluid
-in the spaces between joints and the lining of bursal sacs |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-undergoes mitosis
-reproduce themselves |
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Term
|
Definition
-dry, dead cells
-contains keratin
-constantly flakes off |
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Term
|
Definition
-brown pigment
-produced by specialized cells (melanocytes)
-absorb harmful UV radiation from sunlight before it reaches tissues below the outer layers of skin |
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Term
|
Definition
-tough and strong (collagen)
-stretchable and elastic (elastic) |
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Term
|
Definition
| -form the ridges and grooves that make up finger- and footprints |
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Term
|
Definition
-papilla
-hair bulb
-hair follicle
-hair root
-hair shaft
-dermal blood vessel, sebaceous gland, arrector pili muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
-tiny, smooth (involuntary) muscle
-attached to the base of a dermal papilla above and to the side of a hair follicle below
-contract when frightened or cold
-raises hair |
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Term
|
Definition
-nail root
-cuticle
-lunula
-nail body
-free edge |
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Term
| Two Main Types of Sweat Glands |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-more numerous, important, and widespread sweat glands in the body
-small, distributed (almost) over the total body surface
-produce perspiration or sweat |
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Term
|
Definition
-found primarily in skin in armpit and pigmented areas around genitals
-larger
-secrete a thicker secretion that is caused by contamination and decomposition of secretion by skin bacteria
-enlarge and begin to function at puberty |
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Term
|
Definition
-secrete oil for the hair and skin
-grow where hairs grow
-"nature's skin cream"
-form pimples and blackheads |
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Term
|
Definition
-protection
-temperature regulation
-sense organ activity |
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Term
|
Definition
-most commonly used methods of determining extent of burn injury
-body is divided into 11 areas of 9% each
-genitalia represents additional 1% |
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Term
|
Definition
-first-degree
-second-degree
-third-degree |
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Term
|
Definition
-partial-thickness burns
-causes minor discomfort and some redness of the skin
-no blistering
-actual tissue destruction is minimal |
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Term
|
Definition
-partial-thickness
-involves the deep epidermal layers and always causes injury to the upper layers of the dermis
-blisters, severe pain, generalized swelling, and fluid loss
-scarring is common |
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Term
|
Definition
-full-thickness
-complete destruction of epidermis and dermis
-extends into subcutaneous tissue
-often involve underlying muscles and even bone
-insensitive to pain immediately after injury due to destruction of nerve endings
-fluid loss becomes serious problem |
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Term
|
Definition
-support
-protection
-movement
-storage
-hematopoiesis |
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Term
|
Definition
-long (femur)
-short (tarsals)
-flat (parietal)
-irregular (vertebrae) |
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Term
| Six Main Parts of Long Bone |
|
Definition
-diaphysis
-medullary cavity
-epiphyses
-articular cartilage
-periosteum
-endosteum |
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Term
|
Definition
-outer layer of bone
-hard and dense
-appears solid to the naked eye |
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Term
|
Definition
-porous bone in the epiphyses
-many spaces that may be filled with marrow
-needlelike threads of spongy bone that surround a network of spaces (trabeculae) |
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Term
|
Definition
-located in the hard walls of some bones
-assists in blood cell formation |
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Term
|
Definition
-located in the medullary cavity
-inactive, fatty marrow
-in extreme cases, turns itself into red marrow |
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Term
| Endochondral Ossification |
|
Definition
-begins with cartilage model
-invasion of diaphysis by blood vessels and the combined action of osteoblast and osteoclast cells result in cavity formation, calcification, and appearance of bone tissue
centers of ossification appear in epiphyses
-epiphyseal plate indicates bone is not mature
-epiphyseal line marks mature growth |
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Term
|
Definition
-skull
-vertebral column
-thorax |
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Term
|
Definition
-upper extremities
-lower extremities |
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Term
|
Definition
-frontal (1)
-parietal (2)
-temporal (2)
-occipital (1)
-sphenoid (1)
-ethmoid (1) |
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Term
| Fourteen Bones of the Face |
|
Definition
-nasal (2)
-maxilla (2)
-zygomatic (2)
-mandible (1)
-lacrimal (2)
-palatine (2)
-inferior nasal concha (2)
-vomer (1) |
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Term
|
Definition
-cervical (7)
-thoracic (12)
-lumbar (5)
-sacrum
-coccyx |
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Term
|
Definition
-upper (7) pairs
-attached to sternum by costal cartilages |
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Term
|
Definition
-lower (5) pairs
-first three pairs attached to sternum by costal cartilage of seventh ribs
-lowest two ribs do not attach (floating ribs) |
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|
Term
Bones of Upper Extremity
(Proximal to Distal) |
|
Definition
-clavicle and scapula
-humerus
-radius and ulna
-carpal bones
-metacarpals
-phalanges |
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|
Term
Bones of Lower Extremity
(Proximal to Distal) |
|
Definition
-coxal bone
-femur
-patella
-tibia and fibula
-tarsal bones
-metatarsals
-phalanges |
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Term
| Differences Between Male and Female Pelvis |
|
Definition
-male: generally larger, narrower, funnel-shaped
-female: generally smaller, more broad and shallow shape, pelvic inlet and outlet are normally wider, angle at the front of the pelvis (where two pubic bones join) is wider |
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Term
| Three Major Classifications of Joints |
|
Definition
-synarthroses (no movement)
-amphiarthroses (slight movement)
-diarthroses (free movement) |
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Term
|
Definition
-ball and socket (shoulder, hip)
-hinge (knee, elbow)
-pivot (neck)
-saddle (fingers, toes)
-gliding (vertebrae)
-condyloid (wrist, ankle) |
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Term
|
Definition
-voluntary
-striated
-multinucleated
-attaches to bones |
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Term
|
Definition
-involuntary
-striated
-intercalated discs
-heart |
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Term
|
Definition
-involuntary
-unstriated
-organs |
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Term
|
Definition
| -muscle's attachment to a more stationary bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| -muscle's attachment to the more movable bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| -small fluid-filled sacs that lie between some tendons and the bones beneath them |
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Term
|
Definition
-anchor muscles firmly to bones
-made of dense, fibrous connective tissue
-great strength |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -basic functional unit of skeletal muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| -ion required for contraction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| -muscle tone that hold muscles in position |
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Term
|
Definition
| -body parts are held in the position that favor best function |
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Term
|
Definition
| -nerve fiber that stimulates muscle fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
| -point of contact between the nerve ending and muscle fiber |
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Term
|
Definition
| -a single motor neuron with the muscle fibers it innervates |
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Term
|
Definition
| -minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-produces movement at a joint
-muscle changes in length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-muscle does not shorten
-no movement is produced
-muscles grow larger and stronger
-pushing against a wall, trying to lift a car |
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Term
|
Definition
-contracting muscles against heavy resistance
-isometric exercises and weight lifting
-results in increased numbers of myofilaments in each muscle fiber (number of muscle fibers stays same)
-increases mass of muscle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-aerobic training
-increases muscle's ability to sustain moderate exercise over a long period
-running, bicycling, isotonic movements increase the number of blood vessels in a muscle without significantly increasing its size
-increased blood flow allows a more efficient delivery of oxygen and glucose
-causes increase in number of mitochondria in muscle fibers (production of more ATP as arapid energy source) |
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Term
|
Definition
| -reduces the angle of the joint; as in bending the elbow |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| -increases the angle of a joint; as in straightening a bent elbow |
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Term
|
Definition
| -decreases the angle of a joint to move a part toward the midline, as in moving the arm in and down from the side |
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Term
|
Definition
| -increases the angle of a joint to move a part away from the midline, as in moving the arm to the side and away from the body |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -rotates and flexes head and neck |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
|
Definition
-cranial nerves
-spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-consists of cell body, dendrites, axon
-sensory (afferent)
-motor (efferent) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-star-shaped cells
-anchor small blood vessels to neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
| -small cells that move in inflamed brain tissue carrying on phagocytosis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -form myelin sheaths on axons in the CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| -form myelin sheaths on axons of the PNS |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -conduct impulses to cell body of neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -conduct impulses away from cell body of neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-white, fatty substance that wrap around some axons
-protection |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| -consists of sensory neurons synapsing in the spinal cord with motor neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -consist of sensory neurons synapsing in the spinal cord with interneurons that synapse with motor neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -effect a response from receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -stimulus triggers the opening of Na+ channels inthe plasma membrane of the neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -chemical compounds released from axon terminals (of a presynaptic neuron) into a synaptic cleft |
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|
Term
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Definition
| -bind to specific receptor molecules in the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron, opening ion channels and thereby stimulating impulse conduction by the membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
-medulla oblongata
-pons
-midbrain |
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Term
|
Definition
-diencephalon
-act as major center for controlling ANS; helps control function of most internal organs
-controls hormone secretion by anterior and posterior pituitary glands
-contains centers for controlling body temperature, appetite, wakefulness, and pleasure |
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Term
|
Definition
-diencephalon
-relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex
-produces emotions of pleasantness or unpleasantness associated with sensations |
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Term
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Definition
| -helps control muscle contractions to produce coordinated movements so we can maintain balance, move smoothly, and sustain normal postures |
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Term
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Definition
| -mental processes of all types (sensations, consciousness, memory, voluntary control of movements) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-frontal
-parietal
-temporal
-occipital |
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Term
Cerebrum
(Functional Regions) |
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Definition
| -association areas put together information from many different parts of the brain |
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Term
|
Definition
-"switchboard" of the body
-sensory impulses travel up to the brain in ascending tracts
-motor impulses travel down from the brain in descending tracts
-primary reflex center of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| -tough outer layer that lines the vertebral canal |
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Term
|
Definition
-membrane between pia and dura mater
-"cobweb-like" membrane
-fluid in its spaces |
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Term
|
Definition
| -innermost membrane covering the spinal cord itself |
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Term
|
Definition
-8 cervical pairs
-12 thoracic pairs
-5 lumbar pairs
-5 sacrospinal pairs
-1 coccygeal segment pair
-(31 total pairs) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -skin surface areas that are supplied by a single spinal nerve |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
-"fight or flight"
-functions as emergency system |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| -controls many visceral effectors under normal, everyday conditions |
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Term
| Tactile (Meissner) Corpuscles |
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Definition
| -fine touch and low-frequency vibration |
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Term
| Bulbous (Ruffini) Corpuscles |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Lamellar (Pacini) Corpuscles |
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Definition
| -pressure and high-frequency vibration |
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Term
Bulboid Corpuscles
(Krause End Bulbs) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -proprioception (sense of muscle tension) |
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Term
|
Definition
| -proprioception (sense of muscle length) |
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Term
|
Definition
-outer layer
-cornea, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland
-"white" of eye |
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Term
|
Definition
-middle layer
-iris, ciliary muscle, pupil, lens
-filters incoming light rays |
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Term
|
Definition
-innermost layer
-rods and cones, fovea centralis, aqueous and vitreous humor
-photoreceptor |
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Term
|
Definition
-drainage of aqueous humor is blocked which increases internal pressure within the eye
-damage could lead to blindness |
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Term
|
Definition
-long-time exposure to UV radiation in sunlight may cause the lens to become hard, lose its transparency, and become "milky" in appearance
-progressive
-may result in blindness |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis
-creates a hinged cap of tissue which is lifted off corneal surface
-laser vaporizes and reshapes underlying tissue
-cap is replaced |
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Term
|
Definition
-auricle
-external auditory canal |
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Term
|
Definition
-ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
-auditory (eustachian) tube |
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Term
|
Definition
-semicircular canals
-oval window
-cochlea
-vestibule
-bony and membranous labyrinth |
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Term
|
Definition
-rods and cones
-vision
-eye |
|
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Term
Mechanoreceptor
(Organ of Corti) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mechanoreceptor
(Cristae Ampullares) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Chemoreceptor
(Olfactory Cells) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Chemoreceptor
(Gustatory Cells) |
|
Definition
-taste
-taste buds (tongue) |
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Term
|
Definition
-sweet (glucose)
-sour (citric acid)
-salty (sodium chloride)
-bitter (poisons) |
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Term
|
Definition
-under back muscles
-behind parietal peritoneum
-just above waistline
-right kidney usually a little lower than left |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-cortex (outer layer of kidney substance)
-medulla (inner portion of kidney)
-pyramids (triangular divisions of medulla)
-papilla (narrow, innermost end of pyramid)
-pelvis (expansion of upper end of ureter; lies inside kidney
-calyces (divisions of renal pelvis) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-renal corpuscle
---Bowman's capsule
---glomerulus
-renal tubule
---proximal convoluted tubule
---loop of Henle
---distal convoluted tubule
---collecting tubule |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-filtration: renal corpuscles
-reabsorption: into blood and peritubular cavities
-secretion: into distal and collecting tubules |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hydrogen ions
-potassium ions
-certain drugs
-ammonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-water-retaining
-urine-decreasing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -narrow, long tubes with expanded upper end (renal pelvis) located inside kidney and lined with mucous membrane |
|
|
Term
Urinary Bladder
(Structure) |
|
Definition
-elastic muscular organ, capable of great expansion
-lined with mucous membrane arranged in rugae |
|
|
Term
Urinary Bladder
(Function) |
|
Definition
-storage of urine before voiding
-voiding |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-narrow tube from urinary bladder to exterior
-lined with mucous membrane
-opening of urethra to exterior called urinary meatus
-passage of urine from bladder to exterior
-passage of male reproductive fluid (semen) from the body |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -passage of urine from body (urination or voiding) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-initiated by stretch reflex in bladder wall
-bladder wall contracts
-internal sphincter relaxes
-external sphincter relaxes, and urination occurs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -urine produced but not voided |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -no urine produced but bladder is normal |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -urine is voided involuntarily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-need for frequent urination
-called interstitial cystitis
-amounts voided are small
-extreme urgency and pain are common |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-total body weight of individual
-fat content of body
-gender
-age |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-extracellular fluid (ECF)
-intracellular fluid (ICF) |
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Term
|
Definition
-decreases urine volume
-reabsorbs sodium |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-compounds that break up or dissociate in water solution into separate particles called ions
-ordinary table salt or sodium chloride |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-organic substances that do not break up or dissociate when placed in water solution
-glucose |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-the dissociated particles of an electrolyte that carry an electrical charge
-negative: Cl- (chloride)
-positive: K+ (potassium) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-most important and abundant ion in the body
-regulated by kidney and aldosterone |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-increases Na+ reabsorption in kidney tubules
-refer to page 466 (Figure 18-6) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-substances that promote or stimulate the production of urine
-influence water and electrolyte balance |
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Term
|
Definition
-total volume of body fluids less than normal; IF volume shrinks first, then if treatment is not given, ICF volume and plasma volume decrease
-occurs when fluid output exceeds intake for an extended period
-prolonged diarrhea or vomiting may result in dehydration |
|
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Term
|
Definition
total volume of body fluids greater than normal
-occurs when fluid intake exceeds output
-various factors may cause this (giving excessive amounts of IV fluids or giving them too rapidly may increase intake above output)
-can put too heavy a burden on the heart |
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