Term
| 4 main types of animal tissues |
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Definition
1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscle
4. nervous |
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Term
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Definition
| dice-shaped cells; secretes things; makes up kidneys and many glands |
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Term
| simple columnar epithelium |
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Definition
| line places where you need absorbtion and secretion, like the inside of the stomach - big and brick-shaped |
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Term
| simple squamous epithelium |
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Definition
| single layer of flat cells (platelike) - diffuses material (lines the lungs, etc.) |
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Term
| pseudostritified epithelium |
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Definition
| a single layer of cells, but of varying heights - often forms cilia lining the respiratory tract |
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Term
| stratified squamous epithelium |
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Definition
| multilayered and regenerates rapidly - found on surfaces subject to abrasion |
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Definition
| sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix - web of fibers embedded in a foundation |
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Definition
| cells that secrete fiber proteins in a connective tissue matrix |
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Definition
| engulf foreign particles and cell debris in a connective tissue matrix (via phagocytosis) |
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Definition
| connective tissue fibers that provide strength and flexibility |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue fibers that join connective tissue to adjacent tissues |
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Definition
| connective tissue fibers that make tissues elastic |
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Term
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Definition
| binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place; includes all three connective tissue fibers; found in the skin and throughout the body |
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Term
| fibrous connective tissue |
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Definition
| has a lot of collagenous fibers (for strength and flexibility); found in TENDONS and LIGAMENTS |
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Term
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Definition
| tendons attach muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones at the joints; both are FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE with lots of collagenous fibers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is the repeating unit of bones? |
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Definition
| osteons; has layers of mineralized matrix around a certer canal with blood vessels and nerves |
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Term
| what is in the hard bone matrix? |
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Definition
| magnesium, calcium, phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| what is the liquid extracellular matrix of blood called? |
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Definition
| plasma - it's water, salts, and dissolved proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery protein-carbohydrate complex (chondroitin sulfate). |
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Term
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Definition
loose connective tissue that stores fat in adipose cells distributed throughout its matrix.
- also pads and insulates the body
- stores fuel as fat molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| microvili are to increase the surface area of a cell; cilia wave around to induce locomotion |
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Term
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Definition
| connection of two cells by fusion of membrane channel proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| fusion of membrane proteins |
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Term
| what are the three parts of a neuron? |
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Definition
- dendrites (recieves nerve impulses)
- cell body
- axon (sends nerve impulses) |
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Term
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Definition
| nourish, replenish, insulate, and regulate nerve cells |
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Term
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Definition
| skeletal muscle - attached to bones by tendons; responsible for voluntary movements |
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Term
| what is the result of skeletal muscles developing from the fusion of many cells? |
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Definition
| each muscle fiber/cell has multiple nucleii |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contractile units along skeletal muscle fibres. |
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Term
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Definition
- non striated (smooth)
- cells are spindle shaped
- responsible for involuntary body activities |
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Term
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Definition
| striated like skeletal muscle; but has a single nucleus per cell, with branching cells; intercalated disks help syncronize heart contraction (which is involuntary) |
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Term
| osteoblasts in bone are contained within |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| collagen fibers covered in calcium phosphate salts |
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Term
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Definition
| when speciation occurs in a species in the same geographic area; can be caused by polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection |
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Term
| homologous structures in two seperate species indicate |
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Definition
| divergent evolution from a common ancestor - like a whale and a human having the same bone pattern in hand/flipper |
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Term
| analogous structures in two seperate species indicate |
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Definition
| convergent evolution without a common ancestor; like the flippers of a whale and a penguin - they only look alike on the outside. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| digests things in the mouth; ONLY glycogen and starch, and only into disaccharides, max. |
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Term
| what is NOT hydrolyzed by salivary amylase? |
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Definition
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Term
| the two tube opened into from the mouth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cartilage flap that covers the opening to the trachea when food is swallowed, so that the bolus ends up in the esophagus and not in your lungs, which would be pretty bad. |
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Term
| the contractile ring at the top of the esophagus |
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Definition
| upper esophageal sphincter; it's normally closed while breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| wavelike contractions of the esophagus that force food down it |
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Term
| contractile ring at the bottom of the esophagus |
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Definition
| lower esophageal sphincter (this is not a very good sphincter) |
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Term
what can be digested in the stomach?
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Definition
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Term
| three cells in the gastric glands that secrete components of gastric juice |
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Definition
1) mucuous cells (mucous, shock)
2) chief cells (pesinogen, the inactive form of the digestive enzyme pepsin)
3) parietal cells (HCl) |
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Term
| how does pepsinogen become pepsin? |
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Definition
| it becomes active in low pH |
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Term
| HCl and pepsin both take form in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| very powerful sphincter between the stomach and the small intestine |
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Term
| what is digested in the duodenum? |
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Definition
| everything, including nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
digests carbohydrates - anything that wasn't cut into disaccharides in the mouth gets turned into disaccharides here
- hydrolyzes alpha glycocidic linkages |
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Term
| disaccharidases (maltase, sucrase, lactase) |
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Definition
| hydrolize disaccharides in the small intestine; come from the epithelium of the small intestine, not the pancrease |
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Term
| what are the three carbohydrate enzymes? |
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Definition
- salivary amylase
- pancreatic amylase
- disaccharidase |
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Term
| first step in protein digestion |
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Definition
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Term
| protein digestion starts in the ____________ but occurs primarily in the _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| pancreatic trypsin; pancreatic chymotrypsin; pancreatic carboxypeptidase |
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Definition
| protein-digesting enzymes in the lumen of the small intestine (from the pancreas) |
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Term
| dipeptisase, carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase |
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Definition
| brush-border (from the epithelium of the small intestine) enzymes that work from opposite ends of an amino acid, hydrolizing one bond at a time |
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Term
| nucleic acid digestion occurs |
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Definition
| starts in the lumen of the small intestine, then into the epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| pancreas enzyme that cuts DNA and RNA into nucleotides |
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Term
| nucleotidases; nucleosidases and phosphatases |
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Definition
| brush-border enzymes for nucleic acids that produce nucleosides; and nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates, respectively |
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Term
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Definition
| parts of the pancreas that contain endocrine alpha and beta cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| secrete insulin, which has receptors on all cells |
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Term
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Definition
| as glycogen, converted in the liver |
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Term
| is the pancreas an endocrine gland or an exocrine gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| tight intercellular junctions |
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Definition
| fusion of cellular membrane proteins - keeps fluid from getting by between the cells |
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Term
| gap intercellular junctions |
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Definition
| fusion of membrane channel proteins - lets the cells "communicate", lettion small molecules pass between them |
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Term
| intercellular adhesion junctions |
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Definition
| not quite sure about this one, but appears to be a looser bond than tight junctions and made of a "skeleton" of actin |
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Term
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Definition
| intercellular junctions that fasten cells together in sheets; these are anchored in the cytoplasm by keratin and are what hold muscle cells to each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| made of epithelium cells; cover the body and line organs |
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Term
| what sort of cells form active interfaces with the environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| what enables epithelial tissue to function as a barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens, and blood loss? |
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Definition
| close packing of the epithelium - using tight junctions |
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Term
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Definition
| the "outside" of the epithelium; covered with microvilli for increasing the surface area (to absorb nutrients) |
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Term
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Definition
| the "inside" of epithelial tissue, connected to the underlying tissues by a basal lamina |
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Term
| epithelial cell shape: cuboidal, columnar, squamous |
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Definition
cuboidal: dice-shaped (likely to make up glands)
columnar: like columns (duh.) (line the intestines, secreting and absorbing)
squamous: single layer of plates, like floor tiles (shows up in membranes, like in the lungs) |
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Term
| epithelial cell arrangement: simple, stratified, pseudostratified |
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Definition
simple: just one layer
stratified: multiple layers
pseudostratified: one layer, but with varying heights |
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Term
| function of connective tissue |
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Definition
| bind and support other tissues |
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Term
| these cells are disbersed through the extracellular matrix as a web of fibers embedded in a liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue cells; secrete fiber proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue cells which wander around the matrix, engulfing foreign particles and cell debris |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue fibers which provide strength and flexibility; made of collagen |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue fibers that join connective tissue to adjacent tissue; made of collagen; are very thin and branched |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue fibers make tissues elastic; made of elastin; shaped like long threads |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common kind of connective tissue; holds organs in place and binds epithelia to underlying tissue. Made of all three fibers (elastic, collagenous, and reticular) |
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Term
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Definition
| makes of the matrix of cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in the lacunae chambers of cartilage that secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate |
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Term
| fibrous connective tissue |
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Definition
| dense matrix of connective tissue with tightly packed collagenous fibers; found in tendons and ligaments; contains fibroblast cells |
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Term
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Definition
| made of fibrous connective tissue; ligaments connect bones at the joints, while tendons attach muscles to bones |
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Term
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Definition
| special kind of connective tissue that stores fat in adipose cells, padding and insulating the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the matrix of the blood; contains water, salts, and dissolved proteins |
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Term
| erythrocytes; leukocytes; platelets |
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Definition
| while blood cells, red blood cells, platelets (cells in the blood) |
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Term
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Definition
| collagen fibers covered with salts of calcium phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| the repeating unit of bones |
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Term
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Definition
| cells inside the lacunae chambers of the bone |
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Term
| what enables muscles to contract? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| attached to bones by tendons; voluntary contraction; made of bundles of long cylindrical cells; have multiple nucleii per cell |
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Term
| why does skeletal muscle appear to be striated? |
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Definition
| arrangement of contractile units along the fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| forms contractile wall of heart; involuntary contraction; single nucleus per cell, but striated; fibers connect via intercalated disks |
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Term
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Definition
| found in walls of internal organs; cells are spindle-shaped; controlled by different nerves than skeletal muscles; no striation; involuntary contraction |
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Term
| function of nervous tissue |
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Definition
| sense stimuli; transmit signals (nerve impulses) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| extensions of a neuron that recieve signals and transmit them to the neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| neuron extensions that transmit nerve impulses to other places |
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Term
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Definition
| insulate, nourish, and replenish neurons |
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