Siddhartha Gautama

Family Background and Story of his Birth

Buddha

Ascetic

Samana

Life span of Siddhartha?

Year of Birth - Year of Death

Four Noble Truths

Middle Path

Nirvana

1. Life is suffering.

2. Suffering is caused by desire.

3. The way to end suffering is to end desire.

4. The way to end desire is to avoid extremes: the extreme of life of vulgar materialism & extreme of a life of self torture & self mortification.

Middle Path

(Noble Eightfold Path)

right understanding

right thoughts

right speech

right action

right livelihood

right effort

right mindfulness

right concentration

Traditional form of Buddhism - closer to the teachings of the historical buddha

followers renounce the material world and emphasize the importance of monastic life and limited routes to salvation

Decentralized empires

Dominance of regional kingdoms

Caste system (well defined, inflexible social structure)

Emphasize importance of personal devotion and the universal opportunity for salvation

Within this school, the Buddha himself was made a supernatural god- also innumerable other deities called Bodhisattvas

Buddhist Emperor (520-549)

-banned meat, wine, olives

-built temples

-called meetings of Buddhist monks and nuns - audience of 50,000

-raised $ for Buddhist temples & monasteries by being voluntarily held hostage so nobles would have to raise large sums of money to free him

"Emperor Bodhisattva"

"Bodhisattva Son of Heaven"

Trade route through China, central Asia, and India

Missionaries and pilgrims traveled

Important in spread of Buddhism and in Buddhism becoming dominant religion in Chinese Society

dynasty from 618-907

Continued sinicization of Buddhism and it flourished until the dynasty started to decline - Buddhism lost dominance and never fully regained

960

Song Taizu

Start of the Song dynasty

civil service nomination system - Tang dynasty

government rankings

originated in Han dynasty, development in Sui and Tang dynasties

Exam structure

"presented scholar"

equivalent to a doctoral degree

Zhu Xi

A.     1130-1200 – born in Fujian province – passed PhD exam at 18 – average age 35 – county magistrate promoted to prefect - preferred to be a scholar, hated politicians

 creator of Neo-Confucianism

Revival of Confucian philosophy

 elevated to state ideology (equvalent to unity of church and state) after Zhu Xi's death

Neo-Confucian idea

Cosmology or World view: universal principle

Application in human society: moral principle and potentially good human nature

Neo-Confucian idea

Cosmology or World view: material foce

within human society: organization of human society, human relations, and Confucian classics

1279-1367 – dynasty started by Kublai Khan

 Nature & Character of Mongol State

Caste-Like Ethnic Hierarchy

Northern Chinese – more loyal

Southern Chinese – lowest caste

Ming Taizu

 Life Experience–no money, presented himself to Buddhist monastery and worked for a while but monastery had to let him go bc lack of money, wandered for years and returned to monastery, stayed til monastery burned down, had no where to go, joined rebels

 Rebel Leader – climbed ranks, 1368 rebel force drove Mongols out of China

Founding Emperor set up new dynasty, Ming Dynasty capital city Nanjing

Major ming dynasty project

to keep away mongols

made pilgrimage to Mecca – 7 voyages, 1^st in 1405: 62 ships w an average of 3000 tons each, had a staff of 70 eunuchs, 180 medical personnel, and 5 astrologers, Under his command were 300 military officers w 27,800 soldiers

not voyages for explorations, followed established routes of arab and Chinese trade – political and diplomatic expeditions – potential to develop Chinese maritime trade (took Europeans almost half a century to get started)

Established Qing dynasty

traditional 6 ministries: personnel, revenue, rites, war, justice, works

Mastered Confucian and Neo-Confucian classics

Reestablished bureaucratic system of government

1.      refers to a nation that controls another nation in international relations but allows its domestic sovereignty)

– traditional boundary between European Russia and Asian Russia

1500 miles long

Constantinople

958-1015 - Sent envoy to observe religions -Most impressed w Greek rituals -Converted to Eastern Orthodox Church in 988 - baptism -Byzantine priests conducted services for Russians -His conversion lead to the Christianization of Russia – marked the beginning -Russian Orthodox Church

Principality

Ivan the Great refused to pay tribute to the Mongols or acknowledge their supremacy – by doing so he informally declared Russian independence

Under him the Russian rulers acquired more and more territory and expanded the principality

Political Foundation of absolutist state

principality became an emerging empire

informally declared russian independence

first to take on title tsar

claimed head of Russian Orthodox Church - claimed he got power from God - absolutist ruler

members or elite military aristocracy – very rich and powerful – enjoyed status comparable to aristocracy in eng. and fr. and western eur.

source of opposition

organized violence - went to extremes to defeat his enemy – organized private army in order to hunt down and kill traitors – members of the civilian population – confiscated large estates and mansions – set out frying pans to literally cook traitors and enemies

murdered his own son in a fit of rage

Died in 1584 leaving no capable heir – Russia fell into civil war

tsar 1682-1725

Had many trade and military conflicts with neighboring peoples

took on great task of westernization

played with merchant boys of Germantown - learned from toys and from listening about ideas of western ways to build  ships

More and more European merchants came to Russia to trade – came to Moscow which made Russian merchants and traders unhappy – wanted to expel European merchants from city – so they were confined to live and trade outside the city of Moscow where it was called??

 became a large trading community located in the heartland of Russia – 18000 European merchants resided in Germantown outside Moscow in 1676

(1697-1698) – mission sent to Europe for 2 years – 250 members – peter the great was himself a member – travelled to Germany, England, Netherlands, etc. to learn about western European government, industry, technology – Peter studied ship building – worked as a carpenter in Dutch East India Company 1698-  worked in dockyard of royal navy. Not recognized until one day in England – succeeded in concealing his identity – thought government would be more frank talking to a commoner than to an emperor – was an inspiration to Russian people – as soon as the embassy returned to Moscow he started reforming Russia

observed workings of western European society and developed a “catch up” vision for Russia – but was too much of an autocrat he paid no attention to government like English parliament

1.      Military Reform – his commitment to reform derived first from his ambition to make Russia a great military power of Europe – tried to reform army by drafting and training professional soldiers – extensive training – ordered aristocrats to study mathematics and geometry to know how to aim cannons correctly – forbid them to marry until they had learned and completed training – demonstrated its effectiveness in Sweden – The Great Northern War 1700-1720 – Peter the Great understood need to develop a merchant fleet and Navy fleet – understood importance in Europe so wanted one – wanted to dominate Russian sea and Baltic Sea

2.      Social Reform  - he saw existence of problems in society – abolished institution of harem – made subjects wear western style clothing and made men shave their beard – these policies were unpopular with traditional conservative Russians – Peter went out in public dressed like this himself and would cut off the beard of Boyar elite if they did not shave it themselves – commanded officials who went out and enforced these policies – would cut off beard and sleeves of Boyar elite who did not follow the policies

3.      Constructing a New Capital – hired European architects to construct the city – rumored to cost the lives of 10,000 serfs – haven for new Russian navy – became a window on the west – Russia claimed to have 2 capital cities – St. Petersburg and Moscow

a.       St. Petersburg - access to gulf of Finland and western Europe – location of the winter palace

- access to gulf of Finland and western Europe – location of the winter palace

new capital of Russia under Peter the great

“Received Talents”—Bachelor’s Degree

exam structure

“Elevated Men”—Master’s Degree

exam structure

head of state in Russia

Russianized "Ceasar"

first was Ivan the Great

started in 1613

all Russian tsars from then on out were from this family

1.      Objective of Rebellion wanted an end to government tax and government supervision and military draft – life of Russian peasants (serfs) had to work hard with no freedom to travel

1.      Impact of the French Revolution convocation of estates general – storming bastille – revolution outbreak – led to execution of King Louis XVI 1-21-1793

 Advisers & Officials of Tsar

Princes & Non-Titled Families

elite class in Russia

(1722-1917)

a formal list of positions and ranks in the military, government, and court of Imperial Russia. It was introduced in 1722, during the reign of Peter the Great, while he engaged in a struggle with the existing hereditary nobility, or boyars.

determined a person's position and status according to service to the Emperor (tsar or czar) rather than according to birth or seniority. The Table placed every military, civil, or court rank in one of fourteen grades, numbered from 1 to 14. Every officer of state had to qualify for the corresponding grade in order to be promoted; grades 1 through 5 received the personal attention of the Emperor.

1.      Free Peasants Prior to Mongol Conquest

Evolution between 16^th and 18^th Centuries

landless.. belonged fully to bourgeois ..could be transferred w/o land or family but not killed. Eventually replaced with sharecropping.

Prince Vladimir, c.958-1015

  Sent envoy to observe religions

  Most impressed w Greek rituals

  Converted to Eastern Orthodox Church in 988 - baptism

  Byzantine priests conducted services for Russians

  His conversion lead to and marked the beginning of.....

  Church called Russian Orthodox Church

Kiev=capital of Ukraine

                        From Novgorod to Kiev

Early effort toward state building

Viking trader and warrior

gewu

 paying attention to everything in both books and affairs about moral principles because "moral principles are quite inexhaustible".

designed to select the best administrative officials for the state's bureaucracy. This system had a huge influence on both society and culture in Imperial China and was directly responsible for the creation of a class of scholar-bureaucrats irrespective of their family pedigree.

Established in AD 605 during the Sui Dynasty, the imperial examinations developed and matured during the Tang Dynasty, continuing until their 1905 abolition under the Qing Dynasty - 1300 yrs

 founder of the Song Dynasty of China, reigning from 960 to 976.

In 960, Song Taizu helped reunite most of China after the fragmentation and rebellion between the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907 and the establishment of the Song dynasty. The plan set during Zhou Shizong's period was to first conquer the North, then the South. During Taizu's period, there was a change in strategy. He would conquer all the small countries such as Shu, South Han, and South Tang. The exception was the strong Northern Han in the north at Taiyuan supported by the Khitans. Taizu's strategy was to first take the Southern territories because the South was weaker than the North as the Liao supported Northern Han.

– designed to facilitate trade between northern and southern China – established economic foundation for administrative centralization

(Sui dynasty)

(386-534)

construction of Buddhist temples

Buddhism appealed to them because they believed by adopting Buddhism they would be able to attract the allegiance of other dynasties

Yungang Cave – scriptures found inside – frescos – cave are in the middle of the side of a mountain – Buddhism served as dominant religion on Chinese society

(64 CE)

dreamed of a golden man or golden men. The next day he told his ministers, and the minister Zhong Hu explained to him that he probably dreamed of Buddha in India. The emperor then sent a delegation of 18 headed by Cai Yin, Qin Jing and Wang Zun to seek Buddhism. They returned from Afghanistan with an image of Gautama Buddha, 42 sutras and two eminent monks. The next year, the emperor ordered the construction of White Horse Temple three li west of the capital Luoyang, to remember the horse that carried back the sutras. It was China's first Buddhist temple. Emperor Ming's brother Liu Ying, the Prince of Chu, became the first well-known Buddhist.