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| the Supreme Court's power to declare acts of Congress unconstitiutional |
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| forcing people to join the army; led to increased tensions between Great Britain and the U.S. in the early 1800s |
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| the banning of trade with a country |
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| members of Congress who wanted to declare war against Britain after the Battle of Tippecanoe |
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| Shosone indian woman who, along with her French fur-trapper husband, accompanied and aided Lewis and Clark on the expedition. |
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| American naval captain who put together the fleet that defeated the British at the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812. |
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| Nicknames Old Hickory, he was an American hero of the Battle of New Orleans. As commander of the Tennessee milita, he defeated the Creek Indians, securing 23 million acres of land. His election as the seventh president of the United States marked an era of democracy called Jacksonian Democracy. |
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| Henry Clay's plan for raising tariffs to pay for internal improvements such as better roaads and canals |
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| (1815) the greatest U.S. victory in the War of 1812; actually took place two weeks after a peace treaty had been signed ending the war |
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| a region stretching from South Carolina to east Texas where most U.S. cotton was produced during the mid-1800s |
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| a machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 to remove seeds from short-staple cotton; revolutionized the cotton industry |
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| Spanish colonists in California in the 1800s |
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| the first federal road project, construction of which began in 1815; ran from Cumberland, Marylnd, to present-day Wheeling, West Virginia |
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| agents who were contracted by the Mexican republic to bring settlers to Texas in the early 1800s |
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| the canal that runs from Albany to Buffalo, New York; completed in 1825 |
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| a period of peace, pride, and progress for the United States from 1815 to 1825 |
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| a law that prohibited American merchants from trading with other countries |
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| a story that often provides a moral lesson |
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| a crop broker who managed the trade between southern planters and their customers |
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| a gold-seeker who moved to California during the gold rush |
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| a group of American artists in the mid-1800s whose paintings focused on the American landscape |
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| a process developed by Eli Whitney in the 1790s that called for making each part of a machine exactly the same |
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| an area covering most of present-day Oklahoma to which most Native Americans in the Southeast were forced to move in the 1830s |
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| an expansion of voting rights during the popular Andrew Jackson administration |
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| President Andrew Jackson's group of informal advisers; so called because they often met in the White House kitchen |
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| a system developed by Alfred Lewis Vail for the telegraph that used a certain combination of dots and dashes to represent each letter of the alphabet |
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| the efficient production of large numbers of identical goods |
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| a belief shared by many Americans in the mid-1800s that the United States should expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean |
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| a member of the Church of Jesus Christ Latter-day Saints; members of Joseph Smith's church |
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| men hired by eastern companies to trap animals for fur in the Rocky Mountains and other western regions of the United States |
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| (1820) an agreement proposed by Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine to enter as a free state and outlawed slavery in any territories or states north of 36o 30' latitude |
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| a dispute led by John C. Calhoun that said that states could ignore federal laws if they believed those laws violated the Constitiution |
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| a meeting at which a political party selects its presidential and vice presidential candidate; first held in the 1820s |
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| a sense of pride and devotion to a nation |
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| the idea that political authority belongs to the people |
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| a large-scale farmer who held more than 20 slaves |
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| a person who mines for gold by using pans or other devices to wash gold nuggets out of loose rock and gravel |
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| a financial crisis in the United States that led to an economic depression |
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| a devotion to the interests of one geographic region over the interests of the country as a whole |
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| to formally withdraw from the Union |
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| emotional Christian songs sung by enslaved people in the South that mixed African and European elements and usually expressed slaves' religious beliefs |
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| the refusal of workers to perform their jobs until employers meet their demands |
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| a politicians' practice of giving government jobs to his or her supporters |
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| a machine perfected by Samuel F. B. Morse in 1832 that uses pulses of electric current to send messages across long distances through wires |
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| workers' organizations that try to improve working conditions |
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| the tools used to produce goods or to do work |
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| Mexican cowboys in the West who tended cattle and horses |
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