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Love of Wisdom. First discipline subject.
study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, reason, mind, and language. |
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Study of value. What is good?
aesthetics- what is beauty? ugly or pretty?
philosophical study of value. It is either the collective term for ethics and aesthetics... Philosophical fields that depend crucially on notions of value...or the foundation for these fields, and thus similar to value theory and meta-ethics |
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good or bad
questions of right or wrong-"what is the good life?"
Meta ethics- is there a right or wrong?
also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality—that is, concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and crime, etc. |
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The study of knowledge
"What can I know?"
Ex: mathematics- what are numbers?- theoretical in nature. |
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what is real? how do you know?
study of ultimate reality
above or beyond-philosohy of mind/religion |
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| Ethical Egoism (Ayn Rand) |
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Moral agents ought to do what is in their own self-interest.
What one acts to gain & keep.
one alternative in the universe- to live or not to live.
"objectivism"
we should be selfish.
altruism is bad. (opposite of selfish)
ethical position that moral agents ought to do what is in their own self-interest. |
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Ethical theory that the proper course of action is the one that maximizes overall happiness by whatever means.
The actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority.
The good is in the consequences.
max overall pleasure, min overall pain. |
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Moral worth of an action is determined only by its resulting outcome and weigh morality after.
derives rightness or wrongness from the outcome of the act itself rather than character |
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Have to follow rules no matter what your circumstances are.
You think you are doing it right.
Universal law..if everybody did this.
Duty.
follow the categorical imperative.
intention to full fill ones duty. (the outcome is based on the duty.) |
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The normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on the actions adherence to a rule. an obligation.
looks at inputs (actions) rather than outcomes |
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| Aristotle's Virtue Ethics |
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to be ethical you must have lived an ethical (morally correct) life.
For example, a virtuous person is someone who is kind across many situations over a lifetime because that is her character and not because she wants to maximize utility or gain favors or simply do her duty.
development of virtuous traits. patience is a virtue. |
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Aim for pleasure. anything that makes you feel good.
pleasure minus pain |
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usually defined as the denial of an objective basis of morality.
impossible to determine what right and wrong is. |
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Moral truths exist and are objective.
Always true or false; universally.
"It's not right just cause it's in their culture." |
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A view that certain actions are absolutely right or wrong regardless of other contexts such as their consequences or the intentions behind them
doctrine that there is only one eternally true and valid moral code which applies to everyone, all places, and all times.
there is at least one moral law which can never be broken. |
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| No such thing as right or wrong. |
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| moral judgments are ALWAYS meaningless. |
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| moral judgements are ALWAYS false |
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moral claims are a matter of personal opinion.
(there are moral truths. more claims are equal)
There are no objective moral truths (every man decides his own morals) |
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There ar moral truths but depend on the culture.
(there are moral truths. more claims are equal) |
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Dilemma:Is it good because God approves? (left side)
Does God approve because it's good? (right)
less problematic, independent, God's opinion of it.
The Central Issue: "Do the God's require us to do things because they say it is good or is something good that the Gods will require it?"
Major Criticism- God can change his mind any time about his commandments. Anything could be true. |
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Things are only right because God commands it.
right/wrong is whatever God commands.
Is it good because God approves?
follow Gods will. |
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A kills B, for the sake of B, by admin lethal injection for instance.
Taking specific steps to cause the patient's death, such as injecting the patient with poison. In practice, this is usually an overdose of pain-killers or sleeping pills. ( by one's self or by the aid of a doctor) |
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A allows B to die for sake of B.
Causing the patients death.
Example:
1) Normally if a patient has a heart attack or similar sudden interruption in life functions, medical staff will attempt to revive them. If they make no such effort but simply stand and watch as the patient dies.
2) By withholding life support treatment.
the withholding of common treatments, such as antibiotics, necessary for the continuance of life. |
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Carry out by A, at request of B, for the sake of B.
Painless death. Assisted Suicide.
The ill person wants to die, so the other person helps.
the practice of ending a life in a painless manner. |
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Carried out by A; B did not consent because he was not asked or he expressed a desire to live.
Is performed on a person who is able to provide informed consent, but does not, either because they do not choose to die, or because they were not asked. It is typically, but not always, murder.
Example: A soldier has their stomach blown open by a shell burst. They are in great pain and screaming in agony. They beg the army doctor to save their life. The doctor knows that they will die in ten minutes whatever happens. As he has no painkilling drugs with him he decides to spare the soldier further pain and shoots them dead. |
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| Non- Voluntary Euthanasia |
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Carried out by A; B did not specify because they was unable to.
Example: The person cannot make a decision or cannot make their wishes known. This includes cases where:
the person is in a coma
the person is too young (e.g. a very young baby)
the person is senile
the person is mentally retarded to a very severe extent
the person is severely brain damaged
the person is mentally disturbed in such a way that they should be protected from themselves"
conducted where the explicit consent of the individual concerned is unavailable. |
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A method or tool for thinking critically about a certain topic or issue.
A way to ensure that all aspects of an issue are considered and all perspectives are taken into consideration.
2 things that deserve moral consideration-
1) the biosphere
2) the various ecosystems which constitute it. |
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What is living?
It is not about treating animals the same, its about giving animals the same consideration.
A contemporary ecological philosophy that recognizes an inherent worth of all living beings, regardless of their instrumental utility to human needs. ecosystems/environment?
environmentalists would be concerned if a specie will affect the environment affect humans too.
Aldo leopold- 1st environmental thinker.
core principle is the belief that, like humanity, the living environment as a whole has the same right to live and flourish. |
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| Don't want to start a war. Keep it inside. Opposition to war/violence. |
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| Libertarian perspectives on sex |
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| Sex is morally permissible, if and only if, there is mutually informed consent (under-age,mentally impaired, non-human); must be without threat. a nod? |
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| Kantian Perspectives on sex |
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Sex is morally permissible only, if and only if, you treat the other as an end in itself (not as a means to an end) "i love you" false feelings? not in it for the long run (unsound)
giving your all to another person and by receiving the same from the other person, “winning yourself back” |
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| Marxist perspectives on sex |
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sex is morally permissible only if there is a measure of equality, and one's motivations are not guided by economic need.
if they agree an don't do it for money.
not a prostitute |
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| Feminist perpectives on sex |
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| sex is morally permissible only if traditional gender roles are abandoned. |
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| Utilitarian theory of punishment |
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justifies punishment in terms of good consequences.
lex talionis (eye for an eye justice)
reduce crime
seeks to punish offenders to discourage, or "deter," future wrongdoing |
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| Retributive theory of punishment |
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Victims of crimes deserve retribution; chief function of punishment is to make criminals suffer.
"because they deserve it".
Punishment that is considered to be morally right and fully deserved
"Let the punishment fit the crime" |
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origins found in st. augustine and st. thomas aquinas.
1) theory of ends
"Just ad Bellum" - justice to war
war must be fought for a "just cause."
2) Theory of means
"Jus in Bello" (law of war)
1- minimal force
2-proportionality
3-discrimination
a conflict ought to meet philosophical, religious or political criteria. |
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baby in the womb- vitro fertilization.
stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, an early-stage embryo.
cultures of cells derived from the epiblast tissue of the inner cell mass of a blastocyst or earlier morula stage embryos. A blastocyst is an early stage embryo—approximately four to five days old in humans and consisting of 50–150 cells.
derived from embryos. Most embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in vitro—in an in vitro fertilization clinic—and then donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors. They are not derived from eggs fertilized in a woman's body. |
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cells of the body (not the germ cells, sperm or eggs) --not sex cells. no offspring.
cells in a tissue or organ that can renew itself and can differentiate to yield some or all of the major specialized cell types of the tissue or organ |
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| Singer Animal rights philosophy |
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utilitarian.
sentience- to be aware/morally relevant
if a being is sentient, it deserves moral consideration.
The central argument of his book is an expansion of the utilitarian idea that "the greatest good of the greatest number" is the only measure of good or ethical behavior. Singer argues that there is no reason not to apply this to other animals. He popularized the term "speciesism", which was originally coined by Richard D. Ryder, to describe the practice of privileging humans over other animals.
humans and animals should be treated the same. |
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| Regans Animal rights philosophy |
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Deontology-Ethical theory concerned with duties and rights.
"subject of a life"
only beings with inherent rights have good values.
-self- conscious being capable of having beliefs and desires, deliberate actors who can conceive of and entrain future goals.
non-human animals are what he calls the "subjects-of-a-life," just as humans are, and that, if we want to ascribe value to all human beings regardless of their ability to be rational agents, then to be consistent, we must similarly ascribe it to non-humans.
4 humans, 1 dog. throw dog overboard cause humans are more important.
if a human dies its completely worse than an animal dying. |
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