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Definition
| vascular tissue that transports water and minerals throughout parts of a plant |
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Definition
| vascular tissue that transports sugars and starches throughout parts of a plant |
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Definition
| a rootlike structure that anchors nonvascular plants and CAN'T TRANSPORT WATER |
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Definition
| the leaf of a fern sporophyte |
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Definition
| a cluster of sporangia (spore cases) in ferns |
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Definition
| a small sac that contains spores in mosses |
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Definition
| a horizontal, underground stem in vascular plants |
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Definition
| a male reporductive structure that produces flagellated sperm in nonvascular plants |
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Definition
| a female reproductive structure that produces a single egg (in nonvascular plants) |
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Definition
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Definition
| seedless vascular plants that reproduce using spores. They have true roots stems and leaves. |
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Definition
| examples of bryophytes (nonvascular plants) |
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Definition
| vascular plants that reproduce using seeds (ex: conifers) |
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Definition
| vascular plants that reproduce using seeds (ex: conifers) |
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Definition
| nonvascular plants that reproduce using spores. |
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| Compare a moss plant to a fern plant. |
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Definition
| A moss plant is nonvascular and the dominant stage is the gametophyte. A fern plant is vascular and the sporophyte stage is dominant. |
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Definition
| a spore producing plant (dominant generation in vascular plants |
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Definition
| an allele that masks the presence of another allele. It is expressed OVER recessive alleles. |
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Definition
| an allele that is "hidden" (not expressed) when a dominant allele is present. |
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Definition
| both alleles of a genotype are the same (ex: TT or tt) |
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Definition
| the two alleles in a genotype are different (Ex: Tt) |
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Definition
| An individual whose genotype contains a disease-causing gene but whose phenotype is free of the disease. |
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Definition
| the genetic makeup of an organism (Ex: TT, Tt, tt. There are usually 2 letters in a genotype. |
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Definition
| The external appearance of an organism. Ex: tall, short. (A measurable characteristic of an organism) |
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Definition
| genetic condition in which both alleles are partially expressed. (ex: red flowers, white flowers and PINK flowers) |
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Definition
| genetic condition in which both alleles are FULLY expressed (ex: red flowers, white flowers, and SPECKLED RED AND WHITE FLOWERS) |
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Definition
| a test between an individual who is homozygous recessive and the subject (whose genotype is unknown) |
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Definition
| chromosomes OTHER than the sex chromosomes. All chromosomes except the X and Y |
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Definition
| a genetic condition in which a cell receives an extra chromosome of a particular homologous pair (in humans, 47 chromosomes. Example: trisomy 21) |
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Definition
| a genetic condition in which a cell receives only one chromosome of a particular homologous pair (in humans, 45 chromsomes). Occurs due to NONDISJUNCTION in meiosis. |
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Definition
| the failure of one or more homologous pairs of chromosomes to separate during meiosis |
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Definition
| diagrams that show the poosible genotypes of offspring by crossing two individuals in a species |
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Definition
| a genetic condition in which a cell has 3 or more complete sets of chromosomes. It is a result of nondisjunction occurring in all of the chromosome pairs. (ex: in humans, 69 chromosomes) |
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Definition
| the replacement of a nucleotide in a gene with a different nucleotide. (substitution - only affects one codon) |
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Definition
| the insertion or deletion of nucleotides into a gene so that it affects the grouping of codons. (affects many codons) |
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Definition
| a piece of a chromosome breaks off and is lost |
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Definition
| a piece of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches itself backwards. |
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Definition
| a piece of a chromsome breaks off and is incorporated into a homologous chromosome |
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Definition
| a piece of a chromosome breaks off and is incorporated into a nonhomologous chromosome |
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Definition
| Specific DNA sequences that consist of 4 or 6 base pairs that are identified and cut by restriction enzymes. |
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Term
| Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| different pairs of alleles are passed to offspring independently of each other |
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Definition
| Scientific alteration of the structure of genetic material in a living organism. It involves the production and use of recombinant DNA. |
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Definition
Enzymes that recognize a specific sequence of double-stranded DNA and cut the DNA at that site. This is how we can combine DNA from various species!
Named by bacteria they come from, the strain of the bacteria, and the order in which the restriction enzyme is discovered. |
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Definition
| Technique that compares the pattern of DNA bands from a suspect with the pattern of bands from DNA evidence. This occurs during gel electrophoresis. |
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Definition
| DNA that contains fragments from 2 or more sources. For instance, if you combine a bacteria’s DNA with a human’s DNA, the result would be recombinant DNA. You can even hear the word combine in “recombinant” |
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Definition
| Small, circular piece of DNA found in bacteria (separate from the chromosome) |
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Definition
| also called X-linked traits, these are traits whose alleles are located on the sex chromosomes (mostly X, not Y). NOT affected by sex hormones. |
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Definition
| LIMITED to one sex ONLY. Alleles are located on the autosomes. Expressed in the presence of the sex hormones of one sex, but not the other sex. (Example: only female mammals can produce milk). |
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Definition
| expressed in both sexes, but differently in each sex depending on sex hormones. Alleles are located on the autosomes. (Example: Baldness – Women do lose hair, but men can go completely bald. This does not usually happen to women.) |
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Definition
| genes that occur on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together (unless separated by crossing over), is an EXCEPTION to the LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT! |
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Definition
| monocots - one cotyledon, flower parts in multiples of 3, veins in leaves run parallel, vascular bundles scattered, fibrous roots. dictos - 2 cotyledons, flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5, veins in leaves branching, vascular bundles scattered, taproot |
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| alternation of generations |
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Definition
| the process in which plants switch between haploid (N) and diploid (2N) stages of their life cycle. **KNOW DIAGRAM** sporophyte - spores - gametophyte - gametes - sporophyte...etc. |
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Definition
| vascular plants whose seeds develop in a protective ovary. They are the most successful and diverse group of plants. Divided into monocots and dicots |
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Definition
| plants with vascular tissue that reproduce using seeds. Sporophyte stage is dominant. Examples include conifers, cycads, gingkoes, and gnetophytes. They are wind-pollinated. |
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Definition
| structures specialized for sexual reproduction in angiosperms |
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Definition
| outermost part of a flower that protects the unopened flower bud |
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Definition
| layer of modified leaves just inside sepal (often colorful to attract insects) |
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Definition
| male reproductive structures of a flower (produces pollen which contain sperm) made up of the anther and the filament |
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Definition
| part of the stamen that makes pollen |
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Definition
| long thin stalk attached to anther |
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Definition
| female reproductive structure of the flower that contains ovules which contain eggs. Made up of the stigma, the style and the ovary. |
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Definition
| upper part of pistil (where pollen grains are received) |
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Definition
| stalklike structure between stigma and ovary |
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Definition
| an egg producing structure that is found at the base of a pistil |
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Definition
| a mature, fertilized ovule (a seed contains plant embryo and food reserve in protective coat) |
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Definition
| a mature, fertilized ovary |
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Definition
| transfer of pollen grain from an anther to a stigma. examples: wind and insect pollination |
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Definition
| the egg in a flower that develops into a seed after fertilization |
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Definition
| see diagram in plant classification packet. The sporophyte stage is dominant. |
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Definition
| a haploid gamete-producing plant (the dominant generation in nonvascular plants) that produces gametes. |
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Term
| fertilization (in plants) |
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Definition
| the process during which sperm swim to an egg cell to create a zygote |
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Definition
| the process of cell division by which diploid sporophytes produce haploid spores |
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Definition
| haploid reproductive cells in a plant |
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Definition
| an organism that produces its own food (ex: plants) Are always producers. |
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Definition
| an autotroph that provides food for a community. (ex: grass, plants make their own food through photosynthesis) |
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Definition
| an organism that cannot make its own food. Are always consumers. |
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Definition
| an organism in a community that is heterotrophic. An organism that eats producers or other consumers. These organisms cannot make their own food |
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Definition
| the pathway that the transfer of energy takes in an ecosystem (involves producers, consumers, scavengers, and decomposers). It shows the feeding sequence. |
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Definition
| consists of all of the interconnecting food chains in an ecosystem. |
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Definition
| an organism that breaks down dead organic material. THE TWO MOST IMPORTANT DECOMPOSERS ARE BACTERIA AND FUNGI |
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Definition
| an organism that eats both producers (plants) and consumers (meat). |
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Definition
| an organism that feeds on dead or decaying matter |
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Definition
| an organism that eats meat (other consumers). Are always consumers. |
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Definition
| an organism that eats plants (producers). Are always 1st order consumers. |
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Term
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Definition
| living things that affect the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| nonliving factors (environment, etc.) that affect other things. |
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Definition
| the number of different species in an ecosystem as well as the genetic variety within those species the variety of life. |
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Definition
| circles - female, squares - male, shaded - homozygous dominant, unshaded - homozygous recessive, half shaded - heterozygous |
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Term
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Definition
| fragments of DNA cut by restriction enzymes that have UNPAIRED BASES ON THEIR ENDS! In order for DNA to be able to attach to another type of DNA, it must be cut by the same restriction enzymes! |
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Term
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Definition
| fragments of DNA cut by restriction enzymes that DO NOT have unpaired bases on their ends. |
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Term
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Definition
| traits that are controlled by more than one gene. (intelligence) |
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Definition
| we learned about this during the video from class, the mapping of the human genome to try to understand more about inheritance, disorders, mutations, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| when a single gene with many alleles (A1, A2, A3, etc.) determine a phenotype in the offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trisomy 21 – one extra chromosome on the 21st pair. |
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Term
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Definition
| Only occurs in boys because there are 2 X chromosomes and 1 Y chromosome. |
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Definition
| Only occurs in girls because there is only an X chromosome. One X chromosome and no 2nd chromosome exists. THE ONLY TYPE OF MONOSOMY THAT IS NOT FATAL. Symptoms include extra folds of skin in the neck, and a shorter body |
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Term
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Definition
| a map of an individual’s chromosomes, from smallest to largest, with the sex chromosomes coming last. We can learn about genetic disorders due to chromosomal abnormalities through karyotyping. Scientists use SIZE, BANDING PATTERN, and LOCATION OF THE CENTROMERE to match homologous chromosomes. |
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Definition
Symptoms include a thick, heavy mucus.
Caused by a recessive allele.
Treatments include antibiotics, gene therapy, and physical shaking to loosen mucus |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by a dominant allele. Symptoms usually do not appear until late 30s or 40s. Attacks the nervous system – symptoms include loss of muscle control and memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| three sequential bases on mRNA, most of which code for an amino acid. There are 64 different codons, but only 20 different amino acids. Because of this, some codons code for the same amino acids as other codons. *You should know the 3 STOP codons – UGA, UAA, and UAG. |
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Definition
| a group of three sequential bases on tRNA. |
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Definition
| when one strand (of DNA, RNA, etc.) is upside down in relation to the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process during which DNA is turned into RNA INSIDE THE NUCLEUS. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process during which mRNA is translated into amino acids to produce proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
o Messenger RNA – mRNA carries a message to the ribosomes on what specific protein should be made. THE MESSAGE IT CARRIES IS HOW TO BUILD A SPECIFIC PROTEIN. MAKE SURE YOU KNOW THIS!
o Transfer RNA – tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosomes.
o Ribosomal RNA – rRNA is a major component of the ribosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
Compares DNA and proteins of different species to see how similar they are.
-Why does this support evolution? Closely related species have similar DNA because they both evolved from a common ancestor. (Ex: Humans and apes evolved from a common ancestor. Humans DID NOT evolve from apes.) Also, the genetic code is universal, and this makes sense because all organisms must have a common ancestor. |
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Definition
| structures that have a reduced function in organisms. (ex: a human’s appendix) |
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Term
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Definition
| structures that are similar in structure between to organisms, but not necessarily similar in function. (Ex: the arms of humans are used for picking things up, but the arms of alligators are used for swimming and climbing.) |
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Term
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Definition
| vestigial structures, comparative biochemistry, homologous structures, fossil record, biogeography |
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Term
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Definition
| uses the technique of DNA fingerprinting with a DNA probe. A DNA probe is built to see which DNA strand the probe attaches to. |
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Term
| DNA structure and nucleotides |
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Definition
| DNA is a double helix that is made up of adenosine, cytosine, thymine and guanine. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Helicase breaks the helix. 2. DNA Polymerase builds daughter strands from 5' to 3' of the daughter strand. 3. DNA ligase stitches together the fragments on the lagging strand. |
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Definition
| The part of the earth and its atmosphere in which living organisms exist or that is capable of supporting life. |
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Term
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Definition
| histones make up DNA, which make up nucleosomes, which make up chromosomes. CHROMOSOMES are the highest level of organization. |
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Definition
| a scientist who studied genetics, especially in pea plants, and came up with the laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment |
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Definition
| consists of the living communities and the nonliving (abiotic) factors in an environment |
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Definition
| an inherited trait that is a difference between two individuals within a population (e.g. black moths vs. speckled moths). This is the RAW MATERIAL of evolution. |
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Definition
| a favorable variation that makes an organism better able to survive and reproduce. |
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Definition
| His theory was nearly identical to Darwin’s. Asked for Darwin’s advice, so Darwin presented at the same conference as Wallace. |
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Definition
a scientist who studied evolution and whose theory is comprised of 5 different parts.
1) There is variation within populations.
2) Some variations are favorable, and some are not.
3) More young are produced than can survive, so organisms compete for resources.
4) Natural Selection – Organisms that survive and reproduce are those with favorable variations.
5) Gradualism – over enormous periods of time, small changes accumulate and populations change. |
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Definition
| Stressed that past geologic events should be explained in terms of events that can be observed and measured today. Advanced the idea that Earth was much older than previously believed. This helped Darwin’s theory. Believed in gradualism (Earth shaped by slow, progressive changes.) |
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Definition
| preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms |
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Definition
| a group of similar organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. |
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Definition
| structures that are similar in function but not in structure (e.g. wings of a bird and wings of a butterfly) *DO NOT CONFUSE THIS WITH HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES!* - does NOT support evolutionary relationships! |
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Definition
| states that small evolutionary changes occur slowly and steadily over long periods of time this process yields many transitional forms (e.g. fossils in which you can see small steady changes) |
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Definition
| Darwin’s belief that organisms which survive and reproduce are those with favorable variations. This does NOT mean that the “strong” survive. It means that individuals that are more FIT will be more likely to survive. |
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Definition
| States that a population tends to remain relatively stable for long periods of time, interrupted by periods of relatively rapid evolutionary change explains gaps in the fossil record. |
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Definition
Tendency Towards Perfection – organisms have an innate tendency to try to improve themselves.
Use and Disuse – organisms can change size and shape of structures by using or not using them. (E.g. giraffes get longer necks by stretching them)
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics – the traits that are changed during an organism’s lifetime can be inherited by their offspring. *** THIS WAS WRONG – THE ONLY THINGS THAT CAN BE INHERITED ARE DNA/GENES IN GAMETES. *** |
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Definition
| a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area. |
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Definition
| the ability to survive and reproduce. |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of new species |
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Definition
| any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA |
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Definition
| Darwin's idea of natural selection |
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Definition
| the generation to generation change in the proportion of different inherited genes in a population that accounts for all of the changes that have transformed life over an immense time |
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Definition
| all the organisms living in an area |
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Definition
“Essay on the Principle of Populations” – humans were being born faster than they were dying. Thought that factors such as war, starvation and disease keep a population in check.
Darwin used this idea in his principle of natural selection. |
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Definition
| Studied fruit flies and found that X chromosomes and Y chromosomes (the sex chromosomes) determine gender. Determined that genes are sometimes linked when they are on the sex chromosomes. He used fruit flies because they are easy to raise, produce lots of offspring quickly, and have only 4 pairs of chromosomes. Performed these experiments in the early 1900s. |
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Term
| applications of transgenics |
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Definition
| transgenics can increase crop yields by developing resistance to insects (Bt corn). They can improve nutritional value of crops, extend the shelf life of produce, etc. |
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Definition
| the total genetic information in the gametes of all the individuals in a population. |
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Definition
| a processs during which scientists choose two organisms to breed and examine the offspring. |
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Definition
| the removal of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from the cells in which it normally resides. |
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Definition
| Lamarck's idea that characteristics acquired during life can be passed on to offspring. For instance, if you lift weights during life, you can pass this on to your offspring. This idea is NOT TRUE. |
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Definition
| a term of population genetics that is used in characterizing the genetic diversity of a species population, or equivalently the richness of its gene pool. |
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