Term
| What is the difference between Lamarke and the Darwinean explanations for evolution. |
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Definition
Lamarke: believed in the "Inheritance of Aquired Characteristics. As giraffes streched their necks got longer. Darwins: He believed that the girraffes neck didn't longer. He believed that as time went on, the one's with shorter necks died off leaving off only the one's with long necks.
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Term
| What are the major tenets of Darwin's Theory of natural selection? |
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Definition
-Thre are more organisms born in any one generation that will survive -There is variation within the population as collection of individuals. -Individuals with certain characteristics have a better chance than others to survive.
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Term
| What is the Parental Investment Theory? Which Parent parent has the largest Investment genetically and Physiologically? Which parent will choose the mate? |
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Definition
-Parental Investment Theory: States that the sex which invest more, become a limited source to the sex that invest less. i.e. Female lions are competed for by the males -females provide long caring process to nurture the cub. -The female chooses the mate in this mating process
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Term
| What is the difference between Monogamy, polygamy, and promiscuity? Which mating strategy is the most common? |
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Definition
Monogamy: One male and one female. Allows for the maximum care for a cub and results in a more successful production of an offspring. Polygamy: One sex with many partners of the opposite sex for the maximum number of offspring. Promiscuity:Random mating amoung a social group and the group as a whole takes care of the child. i.e. chimpanzee's exhibit this behavior. -sacrificing oneself for another relative in the group. By doing this, they keep the gene pool alive.
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Term
| What is sexual selection and what are some of the examples of sexual selection? |
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Definition
Sexual selection is the non random selection (usually by female) for certain phenotypical traits as an indication of worthiness for mating. ex: -solicitous behavior: persistence, Constantly bringing food and checking up -Bright colors, impressive courtship displays, Intricate songs and calls -Quality of Territory and Resources -Size and strength of the male |
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Term
What are forces which result in the changes of gene frequency in a population. Which factor is the most significant?
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Definition
Gene Flow:interbreeding with other pop.
Mutation: random inheritable change in the genetic materia. Genetic Drift:Change in frequencies as a result of random effect. More noticable in small pop. If a truck kill 3 ppl in california, doesn't really hurt gene pool that much. But it hurts gene pool within fam. Selection:Non random differential reproduction of genotypes from one generation to the next due to better adaptiveness. |
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Term
| What is the value of the Hardy Weinburg Law? Why must there be changes in the gene frequencies in nature? |
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Definition
Hardy Weinburg Law: predicts the results of random mating in an ideal population of diploid organisms. Essentially, this law states the allele frequency in a pop. will not change if no genes are added or removed from the pop. -There must be changes in the gene frequency because of natural selction. This stats that only the fittest survive. Because organism are dieing off, the variation in the gene pool is altered. The has to also be an account for genetic mutations and gene flow.
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Term
| What is evolution? Can you give some examples that demonstrate evolution? |
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Definition
Evolution:The change in gene frequency within a population, demonstrated in genotypes and phenotypes. EX: -Fossil record: the proof of evolution.
-Comparative Embryology: the ebryology development of an organism may demonstrate evo. history. -Artificial selection: true breed vs. mixing of animals.
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Term
| What is stabilizing (normalizing) selection, directional selection, disruptive selection, and kin selection? |
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Definition
Stabilizing Selection: selection for the averave phenotype rather than the extreme. i.e. Fat girls not really get much lovin cause everyone prefers average weight girl. Directional Selection: selection favors one of the extremes. i.e. short, avg, tall ppl. Tall people favored One extreme is chosen to go with in one direction.
Disruptive Selection: Selection favors extremes of the phenotype range. Kin Selection: Action that favor the survival of one's offspring or a relative at the expense of one's self.
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Term
| If we said that a species is polymorphic what do we mean? What are some means to maintain polymorphism within a species? |
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Definition
Polymorphism:two or more genetic variants in such a proportion that the rareest varient can't be explained by recurrent mutation alone. i.e. Banded garden snail. - some means to "maintain" polyomorphism within a species are the environment. Around the tech campus, there are a lot of yellow banded snails because thats the most camoflage. The ones that don't blend in are eaten. |
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Term
| What is the importance of Genetic Variation in pop.? What does natural selection do and how does it work? Which are the fittest? |
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Definition
The importance of genetic variation in pop. is that if there all the same something would happen like a virus, then the whole pop would become exstinct. Having Genetic variation allows for pop to pass on there genes to the next generation. -Natural Selection: Survival of the Fittest -The one's that survive and pass there traits to the next generation are the fittest.
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Term
| What are allopatric populations and sympatric populations? In which of these is formation of new species most likely to occur? |
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Definition
Allopatric Species: The species that never occur in the same geographical area (pop. in different species never overlap). Sympatric Species: The pops of two species overlap throught most of their geographical distribution. -sympatric species is the one where a new species is most likely ot occure because of integration of two species.
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Term
| What is gene flow and how can it affect the process of formation of two different species from two populations? |
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Definition
Gene Flow:the integration if two species. New genes are being added to the pool. -It can affect the process of formation of two different species by combining them together. The further the species are from one another, the less the gene flow.
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Term
| What is genetic drift and a bottleneck species? |
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Definition
Genetic Drift: The alteration of the gene frequencies based on random effects. True for smaller populations. -Bottleneck Species: When a population is sudden altered on a random effect that causes the pop size to suddenly drop. When this occurs, there is an increase in genetic drift and increase in inbreeding because of reduced pop size.
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Term
| What are convergent evolution, divergent evolution, and parallel evolution? |
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Definition
Convergent Evoution: different unrelated ancestors exposed to similar ecological pressures result in similar morphologie. i.e. nectur feeding birds Divergent Evolution: One species exposed to different ecological pressures evolved into several species with different morphologies. i.e. darwins finches. Parallel Evolution: Two related species that evolve in a very similar way for a long period of time, probaly in response to similar environmental pressures. i.e. Ostriches, emus, rheas.
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Term
| What does it mean when we say that there is a prezygotic mechanism to prevent hybridization? What are we really preventing? Examples? |
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Definition
-Isolating mechanism that acts against the zygote as a means of maintaining seperate species. -We are preventing: Hybrid inviability: don't survive long after birth Hybrid Sterility: are not able to reproduce w/ n e one
Selective Hybrid Elimination: The one's that are capable of reproducing produce offspring that typically have lower fitness.
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Term
| If hybrids between two species are formed, what mechanism keeps them from perpetuation? |
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Definition
Introgression: The incorperation of some genes of one species into the gene complex of another as a result of successful hybridization. |
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Term
| What is a DNA probe used for? |
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Definition
A DNA probe is used to track where a specific gene sequence is with respect to DNA strands. |
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Term
| How are "designer genes" used in bacteria to make desired proteins? How are the genes put in there in the first place? |
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Definition
designer genes are actually inserted through viruses and this is how the process goes: -virus attaches, injects the designed DNA and copies it, then incorperates the new DNA into the original DNA.
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Term
| What are restriction enzymes? How are they used in genetic engineering? |
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Definition
Restriction enzymes are the scientific tool that is used to cut out desired DNA sequences to potentially use for organisms. They use this tool to engineer proteins like human growth factors and insulin. |
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Term
| How do scientist increase the amout of DNA from a very small sample? |
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Definition
The scientist can use "DNA amplification". It takes the smallest amount of DNA found and can replicate it till there is a necessary amount for analyzation. |
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Term
| What is a DNA fingerprint? How is it produced? |
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Definition
-Every individual has there own DNA fingerprint. -DNA fingerprints are banding patterns created by leaving sweat or some type of contaminants on a smooth like surface.
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Term
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Definition
Gene Therapy is the use of DNA recombination to fixe genetically defective problems. A virus is uses like the "common cold" to inject the correct DNA into the cells. From there the cells is not infected with the "right" DNA and will reproduce that cell using the Oncogenes. |
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Term
| What is cancer? What are its characteristics? How does it work? |
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Definition
Cancer: The abmnormal growth of cells w/ an undefined structure and function, except that of rapidly producing cells. Characteristics: No cell reg., always mutating, rapid growth, benign meaning localized, metastic meaning that it can spread. |
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Term
| What is the role of chemotherapy and radiation in the control of cancer? |
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Definition
Radiation: Send high waves of radiation energy to stop the spreading of cancer temporarily Chemotherapy: The use of chemicals to destroy cancer cells. The only problem would be that it kills normal cells as well.
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Term
| What are some factors that increase mutation rates, and perhaps cancer cells? |
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Definition
-Some factors that increase the mutation rate would be rapid growth of cells and the series of mutation in which the are produced. -If there is nutrients present in the body , cancer cells will not stop reproducing.
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Term
| What are Oncogenes? How do they work? |
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Definition
Oncogenes: These are specific types of genes that help speed up the rate of cell production. It is espeically active in youngins. Theyslowly turn off as we get older.
-However, cancer cells activate the them and use them to reproduce cells that are infected which is how it spreads so fast. |
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Term
| What is the role between Viruses and Cancer? |
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Definition
Viruses may cause cancer: Some warts. The virus get attached to a cell and injects its virus which then is spread using the oncogenes.
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Term
| What is meant by a lytic and lysogenic birs? |
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Definition
Lytic Cycle: the life of a virus: goes in, get attached, infects it, and spreads, Lysogenic cycle: same process except that the DNA that is replicated is actually incorperated into the original DNA and may be there for following generations.
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Term
| What does a virus need to reproduce? |
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Definition
A virus needs nutrients to reproduce. Its keeps going until there is no more.
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Term
| What kinds of cells do Viruses attack? What effects does this have on the victums? |
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Definition
Viruses attack the "T helper cells" and when this happens, the bodies immune system is practically shut down. |
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Term
| What are the links between diets and cancer? |
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Definition
Diets that are high in fats have been known to cause cancers such as prostate, breast, and colon cancer. |
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