-skin color is an adaptation to solar radiation

-stimulates tannin in human skin and promotes the synthesis of vitamin D

-melanin,keratin, and hemoglobin all affect color,but melanin is most important cuz it blocks UV rays

-Skin colorvaries wit latitude,not continents or countries.near the equator has the darkest skin tones

-suffered losses because bones have been ground up for traditional medicines.

-Zhoukoudian was one of the sites for fossil use.

-Sweating will always result in heat loss.

-Evaporation is most efficient, not dripping.

-Heat is needed to convert liquid (sweat) to gas (air).

-A drop of sweat carries away 250x more heat than a drop of blood dripped. (any

drop).

-Vasodilation-surface veins dilate and allowed warm blood to be carried to

surface of the skin to be cooled by air.

-Bipedalism uses less energy than other forms of locomotion

-frees hands from locomotor duties

-carry and manipulate tools

-predator spotting

-the foramen magnum is towards the front and the head is balanced

-In a biped, the femur angles in towards the midline

-valgus knee and large calf.

-short, broad pelvis

-chimps have a varus knee and a tall thin pelvis

-feet have transverse and longitudinal arch, short toes, and a big toe in line.

-concealed ovulation-continual sexual receptivity, a loss of sexual swelling

-childbirth has become difficult because of the pelvis

-pelvic outlet=smaller

-baby must rotate 180 degrees

-humans passed face down, apes passed face up

-Basically, skull is apelike and lower limbs hominid like.

-Australopithecus afarensis

-found in Hadar, Ethiopia in the Afar triangle by Donald Johnson

-40% complete

-brain size 400cc, chimp 300-350 cc, modern human 1400 cc

-foramen magnum @ front, prognathic face.

-dentition is mix of ape and hominid traits

-parallel tooth row-apelike

-large canine-apelike

-large molars, thick enamel- hominids

-molar morphology-hominid like

-diastema-apelike

-4-5 feet tall with extreme sexual dimorphism

-upper limb-ape like

-long arms

-shoulder joints oriented upward

-fingers and toes long and curved

-lower limbs-hominid like

-long legs and bipedal

-short and broad pelvis

-valgus knee and angled femur

-2 arches in foot, big toe in line

-not completely terrestrial

-upright posture-bipedal

-no divergent big toe

-2-3 individuals

-permanently preserved in ash

-have been reburied

-endocast-naturally made cast of the brain cavity that happened when sediment

filled it.

st australopithecine found by Raymond Dart in 1924

-

though ancestral, but wasn’t believed because of Piltdown

-gracile is smaller and more delicate

-robust:

-austrolopithecus robustus

-australopithecus boisei (biggest)

-australopithecus aethiopicus (black skull)

-gracile:

-kenyanthropus platyops

-australopithecus africanus

-some people say that gracile=austrolopithecines and robusts=paranthropus

-increase in powerful chewing complex-tough diet.

-affects teeth, jaws, face, and skull

-no strong evidence for tools

Trends in australopithecine morphology

-Australopithecus aethiopicus

-found in 1986

-2.5 mya

-mixture of afarensis features and robust features

-400 cc

-saggital crest

-afarensis- 2 different lines of evolution

-africanus

-robusts-aethiopicus

-autheopicus to robusts and africanus to robustus

Black skull

-hugely controversial-lots of variation

-polytypic species-subspecies

-sexual dimorphism

-more than 1 species

Explanations of

variation

-division of labor

-male hunters

-female gatherers

-food sharing-complex social relations

Homo erectus

Australopithecus anamensis

(earliest definite hominid)

East African Rift Valley

(Oldevae Gorge)

Africa

(Oldevae Gorge)

-brain size is larger than modern humans

-neanderthal brain-1500 ccs, human brain 1400 ccs

-can be used to say they are a side branch of humans or because of cold

-like the archaic

-long, low skull

-remnants of H.erectus big brows

-back teeth still reducing

-specific to Neanderthals

-huge nose-to warm and humidify the air

-mid facial area projects:mid facial prognathism

-huge incisors, resulting from using teeth as tools

-occipital bun-protrudes out back of skull to counterbalance face

-shorter limbs

-robust barrel shaped chest (typical body proportions for cold weather

adaptations)

-first hominid to leave in a glacial environment

Morphology specific to Neandertals, including brain size, why they evolved, and how

they were used (if applicable)

-Stringer, Andrews, Wilson, Stoneking, Cann, Klein

-view it as a speciation event

-sunsaharan Africa

-gave rise to modern humans

-probably occurred around 200 kya

-populations radiated out of Africa and replaced all hominids

-no interbreeding or gene flow

-implications: Asian homo erectus did not contribute genes to us

-will only find transitional fossils in Africa

-so they discount the non African transitional forms

-strongest evidence is from mitochondrial DNA

-inherited from maternal lines

“genetic family tree”

-Wolpoff, Thorne, Frayer, Pope, Templeton

-Simek (UT)

don’t view it as a speciation event

-moderns arose at different times and at different rates all over the world

-continuity between archaic and modern humans

-moderns descended from archaic

-similarities came from where?

-gene flow (most important)

-cultural diffusion (idea flow)

-differences among groups are cause by:

-local natural selection

-genetic drift

-some features lost

-some features fixed

-implications?

-no modern humans are going to show up first in one place

-transitional forms everywhere

-they criticize the DNA evidence

Too many shortcomings and assumptions

-fossil evidence:

-very strong!

-archaics livng at the same time and place as moderns

-must be inbreeding-gene flow

-transitional specimens everywhere

-77-80 degrees unclothed.

-this means that this is the range where humans can live comfortably.

-above or below would cause heat stress

critical air temperature is for humans (the degrees, what it means, etc.)

-hot climate=long, thin trunks

-cold climate=short, stocky trunks

-hot climate=long extremities

-cold climate=shorter extremities trunks

-true for humans and other animals.

-study of bones, their landmarks (muscle attachments), and physical properties

How forensic anthropology is applied (what type of cases)

-the criminal justice system

-human rights issues

-mass disasters

-historical mysteries

-age

-sex-your biological makeup, not your personal identification

-ancestry

-stature-height

What we can determine from the skeleton

-age

-sex

-ancestry

-stature

-skull

-pelvis

-are the remains human or non-human?

-is the find forensic or archaeological?

What questions you should be asking on a forensic case (i.e. is it of forensic significance?)

-regularly buried their dead, ritualistic qualities to burials

-happened at all geographic areas

-La Ferrassie

-family buried?

-parents placed head to head, five kids and one infant

-Shanidar, Iraq

-9 individuals, 4 were individually buried

-one of the males found with flowers

-had a lot of pathology and trauma

-blow to the head injury healed and probably caused blindness

-badly damaged right arm withered

-badly damaged right knee and left leg

-all of these happened to the same individual but still lived to be about 30-35 years old, probably getting help from others.

-brain size increased as the hominids evolved

Trends in brain size across all hominids (i.e. australopithecines vs.

)

-heavier face (prognathism), so occipital bun counter balances it

-seen as separate species in the film

Neandertals on Trial

-not a separate species but they are a special group of archaics

How Neandertals are treated as a group (are they

, etc.)

-not very different from H. erectus

-more sophisticated tool manufacture and hunting methods

-tool use: acheulean stone tool technology

-Levallois technique preps core to control for flake size.

-marks a difference between archaic and H. erectus

-ate a variety of foods-fruits, veggies, seeds, nuts, eggs, meat, fish

Archaic

lifeways

-capable of speech, but limited in range of sounds

-dental eruption

-long bone growth and development

-epiphyseal closure

-pubic symphysis aging

-auricular surface aging

-sternal rib and aging

-cranial suture closure

-healed fractures

-amputations

-reconstructive surgery/ surgical instruments

-pathology

Alternative means to identify individuals

-KNM-ER 3733-H.

-WT 15000

KNM-ER 1813

KNM-ER 1470

Homo rudolfensis

-antemortem records

-facial superimpostition

-facial reconstruction

-frontal sinus patterns

-DNA

What a forensic anthropologist can use to identify an unknown individual