Term
Compare/Contrast
Nervous/Endocrine Systems |
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Definition
Nervous System:
-Uses neurons
-Message sent by NS are Action Potentials
-is an Intergrated Whole: all parts are connected and coordinated through the brain
Endocrine System:
-Uses the blood stream to send its messages
-Messages sent by ES are molecules called hormones
-ES doesnt have a central control area: it is a collection of glands working seperatly
Both:
Control how the body responds to stimulus |
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Term
Compare/Contrast
Smooth ER and Rough ER |
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Definition
Smooth ER:
-has no ribosomes on it
-makes lipids
Rough ER:
-has ribosomes on it
- modifies proteins after they are made
Both:
Ship their products to other parts of the body through vesicles |
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Term
Compare/Contrast
Diffusion and Osmosis |
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Definition
Diffusion:
-spreading of particles in a gas or solution
-uses Kinetic Energy
-"Simple DIffusion" moves solutes that are nonpolar or lipid soluble ( ex: O2 and CO2)
-Molecules follow diffusion gradient
Osmosis:
-diffusion of a solvent (water) through a membrane
-moves water from a high concentration to a low concentration
-sucks water from one place to another water follows salt
Both:
-moves things across a membrane |
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Term
Compare/Contrast
Acid/Base |
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Definition
Acid:
-whenever H+ concentrations are high, OH- concentrations are low
-a solution with lots of H+ is an acid
-has a pH of less than 7
-ex: lemons
Base:
-whenever H+ concentrations are low, OH- concentrations are high.
-A solution with lots of OH- is a base
-has a pH of more than 7
-ex: soaps, NaOH
Both:
-H+ and OH- are damaging to molecules and cells
-Organisms make a lot of H+ and OH- when they form and break molecules |
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Term
Compare/Contrast
Chemical and Mechanical Digestion |
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Definition
Chemical Digestion:
-salivary amylase breaks down starch polymers to maltose, a smaller polymer made of two glucloses
-in stomach uses acid and pepsin to break down proteins into peptides
-used in the small intestines: bile-emulsifier of fat, breaks down carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
Mechanical Digestion:
-teeth:
-Incisors: cut and nip
-Canines: tear and pierce
-Permolars and Molars:
in herb, are flat, grind and crush
in carno, are jagged, used for tearing
-in stomach, churning
Both:
-occur in mouth and stomach
-used to break down food |
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Term
Compare/Contrast
Small Intestines and Large Intestines |
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Definition
Small Intestines:
-Uses chemical digestion with bile
-Absorbs
-Huge surface area
-has circular folds
-6 to 7 meters in humans
-has finger like exstensions of the lining called, Villi
-has exstenstions of the membrane of cels lining the intestine called, Microvilli
Large Intestines:
-used for excretion
-absorbs water, salts and some vitamins
-packed full of bacteria that, ferment carbohydrates and synthesize vitamins
Both:
-used in the digestive system
-used to break down food and its proteins |
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Term
Compare/Contrast
Arteries and Veins |
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Definition
Arteries:
-take blood away from heart to capillaries
Veins:
-take blood from capillaries to heart
Both:
-used in the cardiovascular system |
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Term
Compare/Contrast
Proteins, Lipids and Carbohydrates |
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Definition
Proteins:
-has a structure of C, H, O and Nitrogen
-polar, dissolve in water
-monomers-amino acids
-long polymers
-very big molecules- variety of shapes (ex. globules, fibers)
-shape is important to function- if a protein loses its shape it is "denatured" and doesn't work. acids, bases and heat can denature a protein
Lipids:
-has a structure of C,H and O
-nonpolar-cannot dissolve in H2O
-has 2 types of monomers that are strung in chains: glycerol, a carbohydrate and fatty acids, long chains with mostly H attached to it
-its functions are: storing energy, makes insulation, provides shock absorption and makes cell membranes
Carbohydrates:
-has a structure of C,H and O
-polar, can dissolve in water
-monomer (simple sugar, monosaccharides, polymers are polysaccharides)
-Functions: provides energy to make ATP, stores energy and makes structures |
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Term
Compare/Contrast
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria |
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Definition
Chloroplasts:
-convert sun energy into carbohydrates
-found in plants and algae
Mitochondria:
-convert carbohydrates into ATP-cellular respiration
-found in all eukaryotes
Both:
-have inner membranes that are highly convoluted-allows for more surface area
-originally prokaryotes taken into a eukaryotic cell |
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Term
Compare/Contrast
Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis |
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Definition
Hydrolysis:
-requires water
-polymers are broken down by breaking apart covalent bonds
Dehydration Synthesis:
-when monomers are combined, they release a water molecule
-monomers are joined together by covalent bonds into ploymers
Both:
-used in building and breaking down a macromolecule |
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Term
Compare/Contrast
Stimulus and Receptor |
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Definition
Stimulus:
-external or internal
-received by receptor
Receptor:
-conveys information in a nerve |
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Term
Compare/Contrast
Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous System |
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Definition
Peripheral NS:
-is the network of nerves that convey information to and from the spinal cord
-has 2 divisions: sensory and motor-has 2 divisions, somatic(runs skeletal muscles) and autonomic
Autonomic NS:
-nerves that run the endocrine glands and muscles that arent under voluntary control
-each organ under this system has 2 sets of nerves
-Sympathetic- fight or flight
-Parasympathetic- rest or digest |
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Term
Compare/Contrast
Nucleus and Ribosomes |
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Definition
Nucleus:
-surrounded by a membrane with pores
-contains: Chromatin- DNA, RNA and Protein and Nucleolus- makes ribosomes out of RNA
Ribosomes:
-on Rough ER
-ribosomes and mRNA travel out through the pores and function in the cytoplasm
-interpret information on mRNA and make proteins from it
Both:
-are involved in making proteins |
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Term
What are the functions of...
Blood |
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Definition
-Transportation
-Regulation
-Protection |
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Term
What are the functions of..
The Digestive System |
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Definition
-eating
-breaking down food
-absorbing food and water
-eliminating waste |
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Term
What are the functions of...
Proteins |
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Definition
-Structures: Keratin (hair and nails) and collagen (skin, ligaments and tendons)
-Enzymes
-Cell membrane proteins
-Antibodies- used to attack invading microorganisms
-Hormones- chemical messangers
-Motion: muscle proteins |
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Term
What are the functions of....
Lipids |
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Definition
-storing energy
-making insulation
-providing shock absorption
-making cell membranes |
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Term
What are the functions of...
Carbohydrates |
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Definition
-providing energy to make ATP
-storing energy
-making structures |
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Term
What are the functions of...
Large Intestines |
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Definition
-excretion
-absorbs water, salts and some vitamins
-ferment carbohydrates
-synthesize vitamins |
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Term
What are the functions of..
the Nucleus |
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Definition
-make proteins
-contains Chromation that holds: DNA, RNA and Protein
-DNA has instructions for making proteins
-Instructions are written on mRNA
-Proteins help keep the massive DNA molecule orgnaized
-Contains a Nucleolus: makes ribosomes out of RNA |
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Term
What are the functions of..
the Kidney |
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Definition
-excretion: removal of wastes
-maintenance: keep correct levels of water, salt and pH in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| The H+ concentration in a solution |
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Term
| List and explain the characteristics of enzymes |
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Definition
-Very large globular proteins
-catalysts
-aren't changed by the reaction
-have particular conditions
-are specific to one type of reaction |
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Term
| Why is Carbon important to life? |
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Definition
| Forms chains (carbon skeletons) and these chains are the structural basis of organic molecules |
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Term
| Why is Hydrogen important to life? |
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Definition
-part of organic molecules
-part of a water molecule
-part of a hydroxide molecule
-becomes H+ when it loses an electron |
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Term
| Why are Ions important to life? |
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Definition
-help balance water levels in the body
-are responsible for nerves firing and muscles contracting
-phosphate ions are part of ATP
-pH is determined by the concentration of two ions, H+ and OH- |
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Term
| Why is the mammalian heart called a "double pump" |
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Definition
| Has two pumps called ventricles and are in chambers 2 and 4 |
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Term
| What is the role of enzymes in Chemical Reactions |
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Definition
-have catalysts: make reactions that would happen anyway happen faster
-are specific to one type of reaction
-aren't changed by the reaction |
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Term
| How does the Respiratory and Circulatory systems work together |
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Definition
| -both help bring oxygen to the body and its organs i.e. oxygen and blood to the heart |
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Term
| What does energy have to do with ATP and enzymes? |
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Definition
- energy is stored in high energy bonds like ATP
-to hold the enzymes and phosphates together it takes energy |
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Term
| How are nerve impulses generated? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| All the chemical reactions in a cell |
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Term
| What type of bond it the strongest and why? |
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Definition
Covalent Bonds
Because it has 2 electrons |
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