Term
| Diocletian's Reform of the Roman Empire |
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Definition
| Diocletian steps in as emperor to try and save the declining empire and tries to reform the military, economy, and administration. he divides up the roman empire into two parts. eventually divided into four parts |
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| Constantine/Constantinople |
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| 1st christian emperor moves capital to Constantinople made imperial succession heredity. brought rome back to principle of dynastic monarchy |
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| preaching, healing, and teaching forgiveness, loving one's enemies, and of treating others as you would have them treat you. day of judgment, Messianic entry into jerusalem during passover (claims to be the messiah) arrest for blaspheme, pontius pilate, crucifixion, the resurrection |
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| Born at Tarsus (asia minor) jewish converted to christianity. Declared himself to be the apostle to the Gentiles (non-jews). Made converts among greek-speaking jewish communities |
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| Spread of Christianity: factors that transformed Christianity from an obscure religion to Rome's official religion |
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Definition
| Communal aspect: appeal was cross-class, gender, ethnicity; early organizational structure: missionary religion. philosophy of Love and sacrifice; role of persecution promise of salvation; support of emperor constantine and theodosius |
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| Germanic peoples admiration of roman culture- the romans permit the goths to cross the danube. |
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| Romulus Agustulus is disposed by Odovacer |
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| Byzantium empire, arabic and latin |
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the codification of Roman law
corpus juris civilis
used as a model through the renaissance |
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the iconoclasts prohibited the veneration of icons- "graven Images"
resolved in the ninth century- a return to the veneration of icons |
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| Arabs before the emergence of Islam |
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Definition
| Arabs descended from Ishmael, son of abraham, Arabia becomes a very important trade crossroads due to persian attacks in other places city of mecca profits the most of the new trade routes, and a very important religious site (center of religious life in arabia). mecca was home to kabah which is a temple built around a black stone Arabs believed the gods had created and was the birth of the universe |
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Definition
| There is no god but Allah |
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| is the central religious text of islam |
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| Shi'ites are minority didn't follow the Harem, strict code of law, said leaders had to be descendents of ali |
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| Spread of Monasteries/ monks |
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Definition
| They were sent to rural areas to evangelize the rural areas. |
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| Crowned by pope leo III starting the holy roman empire |
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| Two factors driving high medieval european economy |
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Definition
| Agricultural Revolution growth of towns and commerce |
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| below royalty but above serfs peasents |
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Definition
| a system of land tenure and organization of the rural economy and society in parts of medieval Europe |
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| original impulse for the Crusades |
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Definition
to bring the orthodox church back into communion with the papacy
embarrass Urban's enemy, german emperor Henry 4
by sending off fighters Urban hoped to achieve peace at home
to take over jerusalem |
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Term
| Plenary indulgence/ Pope Urban's promise to the crusaders |
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Definition
| If you serve a certain number of years your free of sins |
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Term
end of the 4th Crusade and the control of trade routes in Asia and Africa
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| Constantinople captured. venicians took control |
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| Nobel's rebellion against high taxes forcing king john sign the document securing nobel rights against monarchy |
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Church officials were appointed by secular rulers king henry 4 vs. pope gregory
(germany) |
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Definition
| was due to the fact the church became wealthy and corrupt, so the cluny monastery tried to make pure monks. the reform of the church made men stop commiting simony and lay investiture |
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| Response to Heresies of the 13th century |
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Definition
nquisitions – the church confronts new forms of what it thought was heresy
-catharism – (form of heresy) cathars believed that there were two gods, one of good and one of evil. Good god would reward spiritual devotion with holy grace and cast out evil of the evil god.
-walvinsianism – (another heresy) waldinsians believed people should study the bible and live a Christ-like life
For the catholic church, these heresies were a number of things. Cathars were heretics for questioning the nature of God. Waldinsians were accused because they preached the gospel and the clergy were alone responsible for preaching.
Pope Innocent III established a council that declared that salvation came only through sacrements administered by clergy/catholic church
Council established christian doctrines that defined the only suitable terms for Catholic Christian worship.
Church acted to crush heresy by crusading against it. Used torture to force heretics to confess, recants, and convert in a judicial procedure called an inquisition.
Forms of torture included burning, hanging upside down by feet, ect.
Church also saw presence of nonChristians in europe as a threat (Jews and Muslims)
Waldinsians were nearly wiped out, and the cathers were converted or exterminated except for a few groups that fled to mountains in france and italy |
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| Founded the fransican order. called on members to live simply and christlike. took a vow of poverty |
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| God gave humans the ability to understand the world through the bible and human reason and observation |
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Dominican priest who taught at university of paris.
argued that gods greatest truths were in the bible.
studied nature for it is a work of god
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| Romanesque/ gothic style architecture |
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Definition
Curved arches dark seen in a masque.
gothic is high arches |
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| Crises of the late middle ages |
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Definition
Black death
mini ice age killed crops |
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Deadliest event in european history
over population and malnutrition |
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| popular responses to bubonic plague |
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Definition
blamed on the jews
temperance and moderation
party people who had sex all the time
flight and seclusion
self flagulation |
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Term
| Hundred Years War: causes |
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Definition
Struggle over england’s attempts to claim french territories.
Initial cause was a dispute b/t kings of england and france. Over a duchy (duke’s territory) in southwest france. The duchy of Aquintaine.
King of england had held the title of duke of Aquitaine in the past.
Kings of england had reluctantly paid homage to the french king in the past..
Edward III king of england was closest relative to king charles IV of france when charles dies
But instead, french decision makers made philip VI as king
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| french teenage peasent called by God to deliver the beseeched orleans from the english. captured. tried. burned as a heretic. |
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| it was between Urban 4(english) vs. Clement 7 (french) |
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| Mongol empire and Russian invasion |
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Definition
Mongols swept through asia
russian cities became tribute paying principalities for the mongol empire
Russians served as mongol soldiers |
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"rebirth"
politicly centralized
capitalist |
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| wealthy people who supported artists and scientist |
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| Made by johanne gutenburg revolutionized writing |
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Study of humans
liberal arts study
celebrating dignity of human kind |
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Writer of the prince
Convinced by chaos of foreign invasions that Italian political unity & independence were ends justifying any means; concluded only a strongman could impose order on a divided & selfish people (Italians) |
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Term
four factors that led to the early modern European state system/revival of the monarchy
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Definition
1. goverments began creating large standing armies
2. systems/ expansion of taxation
3. resistance among citizens caused monarchs to weaken resistance by abolishing tax exempt towns
4. limits power of aristocracy and church |
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| reason for european exploration/ expansion in the 1400's |
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Definition
GOD GOLD GLORY
seeking new routes to asia
portuguese were the first |
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Term
| ottoman capture of constantinople |
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Definition
| blocked europe from trading with asia over land |
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