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- who: founder of the Qajar dynasty; chief of the qajar tribe; later became the king of Persia
- lived from 1779-1797; became king of persia in 1794; around in the early qajar dynasty
- was responsible for the massacre at Tabriz in 1797-8
- he moved the capital of Iran to Tehran
- he accused Jews of blood libels in order to justify Anti Semitism
- His nephew Fath ali Shah was his successor
- his tribe the qajar took over after defeating the zands
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- Muslim ruler of Persia
- lived during early qajar dynasty; reigned form 1797-1834
- waged war against russia
- was a contemporary to napoleon; napoleon would send Fath gifts leading to good relations between them which upset the british and the russians
- he had a son named Abbas Mirza
- during his reign the book Rad al yahud (refutation of judaism) was written by Molla Agha Baba ben Rahamim
- his successor was Mohammad Mirza
- he took over after his uncle Agha Mohammad Khan
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- prince of persia
- lived in early qajar dynasty from 1789-1833
- he was the son of fath ali shah
- he was suppose to take over after his father but died before
- he fought in the battle against Russia, persians lost, and russia took persian land
- he was reponsible for the golestan and torkamanchay treaties between Iran and Russia
- he had a son named Mohammad Mirza which took the throne after Fath Ali Shah
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| Molla Agha baba ben rahamim |
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- jewish butcher who lived in tehran
- during the early qajar dynasty
- jews believed his food was not kosher so they would throw his meat away
- converted to islam and acquired the name reza
- converted to islam during fath ali shahs reign
- was the author of Rad al Yahud which is a book refuting judaism
- he had a daughter named Zia al-saltaneh, who was born to a jewish mother, well educated and she could speak french
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- book written in judeo persian during the reign of Fath Ali shah (1797-1834) by molla agha baba ben rahamim after he converted to islam
- book refuting judaism
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- Shah of Persia of the Qajar Dynasty, 1834-1848
- Son of Abbas Mirza
- · Executed the Grand vazir, Mirza Abu al-GhasemFarahani during mashad riot
- · Shows how clergy is taking over and the Western governments are using Iran
- · Massacre of Mashhad and rise of Mohammed Bab, rise of Bahai during his reign
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- he propagated Bahai faith
- during early qajar dynasty; during Mohammad Mirza's reign
- he said there would be changes in faith and that messiah is coming
- taken to trial and ordered to death sentence in Tabriz
- during execution he mysteriously disappeared, but was actually hiding behind a barrel. some thought he might be a saint because of this and refused to shoot him but someone else shot him
- bahai faith said that everyone is clean and pure
- many jews convert to bahai become pure after years of being told they were impure
- bahai abolished veils for women
- he was executed in 1852
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- a well known mystic and poet
- during early qajar dynasty
- wrote hayat al Rut (the life of a soul) which is a book in prose and verse
- wrote mystic kabbalistic things about jews
- it was written in judeo-persian
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- name given to jews who converted during the Mashad Riot
- 1839
- massacre occurred after a jewish woman put cat intestines on her breast to cure an infection. the cat's body was found in the street and taken as an insult, so they attacked jew's houses
- 2 murdered, 100 wounded
- jews convert in an attempt to stop the massacre
- the next 100 years jews practiced muslim practices in public but were jewish in private
- political identity superseded religious identity
- finally freed in 1907 when mohammad ali shah came into power
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- was assassinated in 1896
- late qajar period; 1848-1896
- assassinated just before his 50th anniversary as king
- assassinated in the shrine of the shiites
- assassinated by mirza reza kermani
- had a gay lover named marijac
- refuted the law of apostasy, where the muslim heir of a deceased person gets all inheritance, it was not put into action
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- prime minister(grand vazir) of naser al-din shah
- late qajar period
- began modernizing iran
- created a school
- murdered in a public bath in kashan
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- austrian jewish physician of royal iran
- during qajar period
- wrote report to alliance israelited, and told about poor communities of jews in iran
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- assassinated Nasser al-din shah
- late qajar period
- during his trial for killing nasser al-din shah he was asked why he did it, he responded "I had a chance to kill him before, but i didn't because the jews were celebrating thier picnic after the 8th day of passover. I did not want the jews to be accused of killing the shah
- he was not a jew
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- jewish organization founded in europe in france by adolphe cremieux who wanted to confront nasser al din shah about the treatment of jews in his country when nasser was in europe. his goal was to protect and help jews in diaspora
- late qajar period; founded in 1860
- worked towards world emancipation of jews
- aided those who were persecuted for being a jew
- wanted to create jewish pride, better living conditions, better hygiene
- rabbis wrote letters to other rabbis to support the organization
- supported publications furthering their cause
- inspires other organizations with the same purpose throughout europe including the anglo jewish association in england
- alliance school started by naser al din shah's son, mozzafar al din shah
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- founder of alliance israelite
- during late qajar period; founded alliance israelite in 1860
- attempted to confront nasser al din shah about treatment of jews in iran when nasser was in europe
- goal to protect and help jews in diaspora
- worked towards world emacipation of jews
- aided those who were persecuted for being jewish
- wanted to create jewish pride, better living conditions and better hygiene
- rabbies wrote letter to other rabbies to support the organization
- supported publications furthering their cause
- the organization he founded inspired other organizations with same purpose throughout europe, like the anglo jewish association in england
- alliance school started by nasser al din shah's son, mozzafar al din shah
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- followed nasser al din shah's reign, was the son of nasser al din shah
- late qajar period
- started alliance schools
- alliance programs started in tehran in 1898
- known for his kindness
- signed iranian constitution to satisfy people
- his death marked the beggining of the iranian constitutional revolution
- his son, mohammad ali shah, took over the throne and close up the constitutional institutions
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- followed mozzafar al din shah
- during late qajar period;reigned from 1907-1909
- son of mozzafar al din shah
- closed the consitutional institutions
- russians sided with him
- cossak brigade bombards the national assembly
- short monarchy period
- reversed everything his father did during his reign
- clergy was also against the constitution
- took refuge in russian embassy and tehn fled to russian
- died in russia
- forced out of his reign and his son ahmad shah took over
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Term
| molla rahamim ben agha baba |
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Definition
- reporter/writer
- late qajar period
- during ahmad shah's reign
- wrote about the last jewish exilarch
- reported on jewish life
- reported on massacre of tabriz as told by his grandfather
- reported massacre 40 years after it occurred
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| ayatollah seyyed abdollah behbahani |
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- represented the jews in congress. a jewish congressman
- late qajar period during the iranian constitutional revolution( around 1906)
- the constitutional revolution allowed jews into congress
- first jewish congressman
- he resigned because of bad treatment
- after he resigned a muslim represented the jews
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- heir of mohammad ali shah and the last king of qajar period
- reigned from 1909 to 1925
- son of mohammad ali shah
- balfour declaration during his reign
- massacres in jewish ghetto- story of the mule and the molla
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- declared a national homeland for jews in palestine
- late qajar period; 1917- iranian jewish emancipation
- the british ruled palestine, balfour asked in a letter to rothchild for the establishment of a naitonal homeland for jews, which was granted
- preceded the awakening of zionism
- created hope in iranian jews, which led them to organize
- three things changed the emacipation of jews: 1. alliance 2. constitution 3. balfour declaration
- attempt to educate jews about judeo language
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- american jewish ambassador
- late qajar period; the renaissance of iranian jewish community 1921
- mediated during the peak of voluntary religious conversion
- when he left there was a party where jews gave him 10 commandments decorated with jewels made of gold
- reza shah was prime minister
- adressed the mule massacre
- punished the killers of jews, which had never happened before
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- also known as reza shah pahlavi
- lived from 1878-1944
- reigned from 1925-1941
- abdicated in 1941 at tehran conference
- he overthrew ahmad shah and created the pahalvi dynasty
- his son was mohammad reza shah pahlavi
- he established a authoritarian government in iran
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- won candidacy for the fifth parliament against dr. loghman nehoray
- during pahlavi period; alive from 1891-1933
- criticized both the jewish establishment and iranian regime gaining many followers
- his criticism split zionists into two warring factions, causing disunity in the jewish community and an overall setback to zionism
- thought jews should be more involved in iranian politics
- he was later accused of sabotage against the Reza Pahlavi, arrested and sentenced to death in 1931 and was killed in 1933
- jews went to get amnesty for him
- shah had him killed
- nationalist activist
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- was a medical doctor was really involved in his own profession
- from 1930's represented jews after mr. shemuel haim
- abolished a lot of laws against the jews imposed by the shiites, all the all the laws from the safavids to the qajars are all nor reposed because of him
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- was an iranian jew and one of the first dictionary writers of the persian language and a journalist from kermanshah who believed in jewish unity and rights
- from 1897-1970
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- a jewish composer, was one of the most distinguished musicians of iranian classical music
- during qajar period; 1900-1990
- first iranian who wrote persian music in notes
- put all the scales of persian music together- preserved iranian classical music
- made 300 tapes and a basic format for persian music sclaes
- during the safavid period, the iranian muslims did not allow music but the jews in Shiraz continued to play in secret
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- founder of the national front party
- during pahlavi period
- nationalization of oil theory- consortium: 50/50, oil revenue allocated to plan organization for developmental plans, corrupted land reform
- national front party fought for the iranian constitution
- coup d'etat of august 1953
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- was a translator of persian literature from persian to french and a publisher as well for french classical literature into Persian
- Amir Kabir was his publisher
- during 20th century
- he was exiled to italy and began to translate to italian where he continued his brilliant work
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- series of reforms launched intended to regenerate Iranian society through economic and social reforms, with the ultimate long-term aim of transforming iran into a global economic and industrial power
- 1963- during the late period of mohammad reza shah pahlavi's reign
- entailed:
- 1. abolition of feudal system; made it possible for 1.5 million peasant families, who had once been nothing more than slaves, to own the lands that they had been cultivating all their lives. land reforms program brought freedom to 9 million people, or 40% of Iran's population
- 2. Sale of government owned factories- manufacturing plants and sold shares to the public, creating a whole new class of factory owners who could now help to industrialize the country
- 3. nationalization of forests- protected the national resources and stopped the destruction of forests and pasturelands, also to further developed and cultivated them
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- writer
- islamic revolution- 1960's
- wrote"westoxication"
- blamed blind imitation of westernization
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| Iranian students confederation |
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- one of the groups against the shah
- they are all around the world, very active group who collaborated with the mojahedin and the others to get rid of the shah
- during the 1960's and 1970's
- students abroad that were against and the democracy he provided
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- islamic thinker during the 1960's islamic revolution, he had no clerical training
- during the period of the 1960's islamic revolution
- wrote on anti-westernization; this fueled the islamic revolution
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- supreme ultimate leadership according to shiite tradition
- 20th century during the islamic revolution
- dictatorship
- characteristic of the islamic republic
- could veto everything
- could ever rule everyone: president, cabinet, prime minister, elected parliament
- absolute power
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- american embassy is taken over by students who hold american workers hostage
- november 4 1979- jan 20 1981 (444 days)
- partly a response to the us admitting MRP after he was overthrown. Partly a declaration of anti americanism. mainly to buy time for the islamic government
- outcomes:
- gave clerics a chance to prevent US ties with iran
- helped government postpone dealing with domestic problems
- upon relseases:
- the students did not get any of their demands met
- islamic government spread roots and gained power
- formed liberals and leftists
- constitution passed with no resentment
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- first islamic republic prime minister
- during pahlavi period
- spent four years in jail
- against shah
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- was an iranian politician and the last prime minister of iran under mohammad shah reza pahlavi
- during pahalvi period
- a concession to his opponents primarily the followers of ayatollah khomeini
- caused him to be expelled from the national front but he accepted
- he feared revolution because he thought it would ruin iran
- ordered all political inmates be freed, lifted censorship of newspapers, relaxed martial law and ordered this dissolving of SAVAK
- he also requested the opposition to give him 3 months to hold elections for an assembly that would decide the fate of the monarchy and determine the future form of government in iran
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- the first president/religious leader
- was in france with khomeini becasue he was opposing the shah, he lived in france
- these 3 were the leaders at the time writing, they were secular with islamic ties/values. ali shari'ati, mehdibazargan, abu al-hassan banisdr
- these three guys on't have the title but they have cleric attachment
- first president of the islamic republic
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- extreme opposition against the regime
- they are marxist islamics against the shah but in the beggining of the revolution Khomeini let them out. they are now in eastern europe. they went to iraq and collaborated with sadaam hussain muslims fighting in war or involved in other struggles
- extremists: mojahedin and fadaian collaborated for the fall of the shah
- mojahedin: consists of israel and communists
- fadaian: fundamentalists muslims, mostly like the taliban
- during the time of the revolution and stood by khomeini
- religious group that went underground very active in europe
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- was the dean of a school of pharmacy and a researcher on hemoglobin and discovered 13 different molecules and gave them persian names
- during 20th century
- queen of iran gave him an award for discovery of HbA1C a form of hemoglobin used primarily to identify plasma glucose concentration over time
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- ban and censorship of iranian jewish publication for 1year and then started again- bina newspaper
- publication of iranian jewish community in iran after the revolution
- persian magazine written by the voice of iranian jews
- played a very critical position to cooperate with islamic government
- iranian jewish magazine
- jews claim their jewish identity
- created a sense of a jewish community
- written in persian and english
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