Term
| inferential statistical analyses |
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Definition
| tell the research the probability that the results of the study are due to random variation |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory, and muscle movement |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter involved in arousal and mood states, thought processes, and physical movement |
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Term
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Definition
| a protective mechanism by which the blood capillaries supplying the brain create a carrier that prevents dangerous substances access to the brain |
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Term
| serotonin and norepinephrine |
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Definition
| neurotransmitters involved in levels of arousal and mood, sleep, and eating |
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Term
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Definition
| main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system. It is involved in lowering arousal and anxiety and regulating movement |
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Term
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Definition
| the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system. It is involved in memory storage, pain perception, strokes, and schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of neurotransmitters that are involved in pain relief and feelings of pleasure |
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Term
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Definition
| a brain stem structure involved in many essential body functions, such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, digestion, and swallowing |
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Term
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Definition
| a brain stem structure that serves as a bridge between the cerebellum and the rest of the brain and is involved in sleep and dream |
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Term
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Definition
| a network of neurons running up the center of the brain stem that is responsible for our different levels of arousal and consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| a part of the brain involved in the coordination our movements, sense of balances, and motor learning |
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Term
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Definition
| a part of the brain that serves as a relay station for incoming sensory information |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of brain structures that play an important role in our survival, memory, and emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| a part of the brain that is involved in the initiation and execution of movements |
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Term
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Definition
| a part of the brain that is involved in regulating basic drives such as eating, drinking, and sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| a part of the brain involved in the formation of memories |
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Term
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Definition
| a part of the brain that is involved in emotions by influencing agrgression, anger, and fear and by providing the emotional element of our memories and the interpretation of emotional expression in others |
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Term
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Definition
| the layers of inter-connected cells covering the brain's two hemispheres. This is the control and information-processing center for the nervous system; it is where perception, memory, language, decision making, and all the other higher-level cognitive processing occur |
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Term
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Definition
| the bridge of neurons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| the area in each cerebral hemisphere in front of the central fissure and above the lateral fissue. the motor cortex is in this lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| the area in each cerebral hemisphere in back of the central fissure and above the lateral fissure. The somatosensory cortex is in this lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| the area is each cerebral hemisphere located beneath the lateral fissure. The primary auditory cortex is in this lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| the area located in the lower back of each cerebral hemisphere. The primary visual cortex is in this lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| the strip of cortex in each cerebral hemisphere in the frontal lobe directly in front of the central fissure, which allows us to move different parts of our body |
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Term
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Definition
| the strip of cortex in each cerebral hemisphere in the parietal lob directly in back of the central fissure, which allows us to sense pressure, temperature, and pain in different parts of our body as well as the position of our body parts |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the cerebral cortex except those areas devoted to primary sensory processing or motor processing. This is where all the higher-level cognitive processing that requires the association of information, such as perception and language, occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| an area in the cerebral cortex responsible for fluent speech production |
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Term
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Definition
| an areas in the cerebral cortex responsible for comprehension of speech and text |
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Term
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Definition
| for each type of sensory judgment that we can make, the measured difference threshold is a constant fraction of the standard stimulus value used to measure it. This constant fraction is different for each type of sensory judgment |
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Term
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Definition
| the actual physical intensity raise to some constant power for each type of sensory judgment |
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Term
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Definition
| the conversion of physical energies into neural signals that the brain can understand |
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Term
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Definition
| the focusing of light waves from objects of different distances directly on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for dim light and peripheral vision |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for bright light and color vision |
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Term
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Definition
| a tiny pit in the center of the retina filled with cones |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of color vision which assumes that there are three opponent-process cell systems which process color information after it has been process by the cones |
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Term
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Definition
| hearing lost by damage to hair cells |
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Term
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Definition
| hearing lost by damage to one of the structure in the ear |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of pitch perception which assumes that there is a specific location along the basilar membrane which will maximally respond to a particular frequency, thereby indicating the pitch to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of pitch perception which assumes that the frequency of the sound wave is mimicked by the firing rate of the tntire basilar membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| cells taking turns firing will increase the maximum firing rate for a group of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the interpretation of ambiguous sensory information in terms of how our past experiences have set us to perceive it |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of the present context of sensory information to determine its meaning |
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Term
| figure-and-ground principle |
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Definition
| the Gestalt perceptual organizational principle that the brain organizes sensory information into a figure of figures and ground |
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Term
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Definition
| the perceptual stability of the size, shape, brightness, and a color for familiar objects seen at varying distances, different angles, and under different lighting conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| a binocular depth cue referring to the fact that as the disparity between the two retinal images of an object increases, the distance of the object from us decreases |
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Term
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Definition
| a monocular depth cue referring to the fact that if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer to us |
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Term
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Definition
| a monocular depth cue referring to the fact that as parallel lines recede away from us, they appear to converge--the greater the distance, the more they seem to converge |
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Term
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Definition
| acquiring a new response to a previously neutral stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| automatically elicits and unconditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the stimulus that comes to elicit a new response |
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Term
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Definition
| the response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus and remains present until after the unconditioned stimulus is presented so that the two stimuli occur together |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus but is removed before the unconditioned stimulus is presented so the two stimuli do not occur together |
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Term
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Definition
| a new, learned response elicited by the CS in preparation for the arrival of the UCS |
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Term
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Definition
| the diminishing of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| a principle developed by Edward Thorndlike that says that any behavior that results in satisfying consequences tends to be repeated and that any behavior that results in unsatisfying consequences tends not to be repeated |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus that increases the probability of a prior response |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus that decreases the probability of a prior response |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the appetitive stimulus is presented |
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Term
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Definition
| aversive stimulus is presented |
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Term
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Definition
| aversive stimulus is removed |
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Term
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Definition
| appetitive stimulus is removed |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus that is innately reinforcing |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus that gains its reinforcing property through learning |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of classical and operant conditioning principles to eliminate undesirable behavior and to teach more desirable behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| train a human or animal to make an operant response by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired response |
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Term
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Definition
| the strengthening of a reinforced operant response |
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Term
| partial-reinforcement effect |
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Definition
| the finding that operant responses that are reinforced on partial schedules are more resistant to extinction than those reinforced on a continuous schedule |
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Term
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Definition
| a partial schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered each time a fixed number of responses are made. The fixe |
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Term
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Definition
| a partial schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses it takes to obtain a reinforecer varies on each trial but averages to a set number across trials. |
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Term
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Definition
| a partial schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered after the first response is given once a set interval of time has elapsed |
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Term
| variable-interval schedule |
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Definition
| a partial schedule of reinforcement in which the time that must elapse on each trial before a response will lead to a delivery of a reinforcer varies from trial to trial averages to a set time across trials |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of motivation which prposes that our behavior is motivated to reduce drive created by unsatisfied bodily needs to return the body to a balanced internal state |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of motivation which proposes that our behavior is motivated by incentives, external stimuli that we have learned to associate with reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of motivation which proposes that our behavior is motivated to maintain an optimal level of physiological arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| a law describing the relationship between the amount of arousal and the performance quality on a task--increasing arousal up to some optimal level increases performance quality on a task, but increasing arousal past this point is detrimental to performance |
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease in an intrinsically motivated behavior after the behavior is extrinsically reinforced and then the reinforcement discontinued |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for an animal to drift back from a learned operant response to an innate, instinctual response to an object |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until there is incentive to do so |
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Term
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Definition
| where we temporarily store incoming sensory information from the physical environment until we can attend to it, interpret it, and move it to the next stage of memory processing |
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Term
| temporal integration procedure |
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Definition
| an experimental procedure in which two meaningless visual patterns that produce a meaningful pattern if integrated are presented sequentially with the time delay between their presentations varied |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of rehearsal in short-term memory in which the information is repeated over and over again in order to maintain it |
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Term
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Definition
| explicit memory for factual knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| explicit memory for personal experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| implicit memory for cognitive and motor tasks that have a physical procedural aspect to them |
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Term
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Definition
| a person with severe memory deficits following brain surgery or injury |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to form new explicit long-term memories for events following surgery or trauma to the brain. explicit memories formed before the surgery or trauma are left intact |
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Term
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Definition
| the disruption of memory for the past, especially episodic information for events surgery or trauma to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| our inability as adults to remember events that occurred in our lives before about 3 years of age |
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Term
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Definition
| a memory task in which a list of items is presented one at a time and then the participant is free to recall them in any order |
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Term
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Definition
| the superior recall of the early portion of a list relative to the middle of the list in one-trail free recall task |
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Term
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Definition
| the superior recall of the latter portion of a list relative to the middle of the list in a one-trial free recall task |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of moving information from one memory stage to the next |
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Term
| levels-of-processing theory |
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Definition
| a theory of information processing in memory that assumes that semantic processing, especially elaborative semantic processing, leads to better long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| the superior long-term memory for information related to oneself at time of encoding into long-term memory |
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Term
| encoding specificity principle |
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Definition
| the principle that the environmental cues present at the time information is encoded into long-term memory serve as the best retrieval cues for the information |
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Term
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Definition
| long-term memory retrieval is best when a person's physiological state at the time of encoding and retrieval of the information is the same |
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Term
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Definition
| long-term memory retrieval is best when a person's physiological state at the time of encoding and retrieval of the information is the same |
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Term
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Definition
| long-term memory retrieval is best for experiences and information that are congruent with a person's current mood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a mnemonic in which sequential pieces of information to be remembered are encoded by associating them with sequential locations in avery familiar room or place and then the pieces of information are retrieved by mentally going around the room and retrieving the piece at each location |
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Term
| spacing (distributed study) effect |
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Definition
| superior long-term memory for spaced study versus massed study spaced study versus massed study (cramming) |
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Term
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Definition
| a mnemonic in which the items in a list to be remembered are associated with with the sequential items in a memorized jungle and the then the list is retrieved by going through the jungle and retrieving the associated items |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of long-term memory retrieval that requires the reproduction of the information with essential no retrieval cues cuesn |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of long-term memory retrieval that only requires the identification of the information in the presence of retrieval cues |
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Term
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Definition
| the savings method of measuring long-term memory retrieval in which the measure is the amount of time saved when learning information for the second time |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of forgetting that proposes that forgetting is due to the failure to encode the information into long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of forgetting that proposes that forgetting that proposes that forgetting is due to the decay of the biological representation of the information and that periodic usage of the information will help to maintain it in storage |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of forgetting that proproses that forgetting is due to other information in memory interfering and thereby making the to-be-remembered information inaccessible |
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Term
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Definition
| the disruptive effect of prior learning on the retrieval of new information |
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Term
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Definition
| the disruptive effect of new learning on the retrieval of old information |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of forgetting that proposes that forgetting is due to the unavailability of the retrieval cues necessary to locate the information in long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| frameworks for our knowledge about people, objects, events, and actions that allow us to organize and interpret information about our world |
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Term
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Definition
| attributing a memory to the wrong source, resulting in a false memory |
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Term
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Definition
| the distortion of a memory by exposure to misleading information |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to create a new interpretation of a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to see that an object can have a function other than its typical one in solving a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to use previously successful problem-solving strategies without considering others that are more appropriate for the current problems |
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Term
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Definition
| a step-by-step problem-solving procedure that guarantees a correct answer to a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| a problem-solving strategy that seems reasonable given past experience with solving problems, especially similar problems, but does not guarantee a correct answer to a problem |
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Term
| anchoring and adjustment heuristic |
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Definition
| a heuristic for estimation problems in which one uses his or her initial estimate as an anchor estimate and then adjusts the anchor up or down |
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Term
| working backward heuristic |
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Definition
| a problem-solving heuristic in which one attempts to solve a problem by working from the goal state back to the start state |
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Term
| means-end analysis heuristic |
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Definition
| a problem-solving heuristic in which the distance to the goal state is decrease systematically by breaking the problem down into sub goals and achieving these subgoals |
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Term
| representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| a heuristic for judging the probability of membership in a category by how well an object resembles that category |
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Term
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Definition
| the erroneous belief that a chance process is self-correcting in that an event that has not occurred for a while is more likely to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| incorrectly judging the overlap of two uncertain events to be more probably than either of the two events |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to seek evidence that confirms one's belief |
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Term
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Definition
| the erogenous belief that two variables are related when they actually are not |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to cling to one's beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence |
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Term
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Definition
| questioning a well-established research finding because one knows a person who violates the finding |
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Term
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Definition
| the process that allows tests scores to be interpreted by providing test norms |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistical technique that identifies clusters of test items that measure the same ability |
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Term
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Definition
| the finding that the average intelligence test score in the united states and other industrialized nations has improved steadily over the last century |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to create a new interpretation of a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to see that an object can have a function other than its typical one in solving a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to use previously successful problem-solving strategies without considering others that are more appropriate for the current problems |
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Term
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Definition
| a step-by-step problem-solving procedure that guarantees a correct answer to a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| a problem-solving strategy that seems reasonable given past experience with solving problems, especially similar problems, but does not guarantee a correct answer to a problem |
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Term
| anchoring and adjustment heuristic |
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Definition
| a heuristic for estimation problems in which one uses his or her initial estimate as an anchor estimate and then adjusts the anchor up or down |
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Term
| working backward heuristic |
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Definition
| a problem-solving heuristic in which one attempts to solve a problem by working from the goal state back to the start state |
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Term
| means-end analysis heuristic |
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Definition
| a problem-solving heuristic in which the distance to the goal state is decrease systematically by breaking the problem down into sub goals and achieving these subgoals |
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Term
| representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| a heuristic for judging the probability of membership in a category by how well an object resembles that category |
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Term
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Definition
| the erroneous belief that a chance process is self-correcting in that an event that has not occurred for a while is more likely to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| incorrectly judging the overlap of two uncertain events to be more probably than either of the two events |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to seek evidence that confirms one's belief |
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Term
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Definition
| the erogenous belief that two variables are related when they actually are not |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to cling to one's beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence |
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Term
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Definition
| questioning a well-established research finding because one knows a person who violates the finding |
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Term
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Definition
| the process that allows tests scores to be interpreted by providing test norms |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistical technique that identifies clusters of test items that measure the same ability |
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Term
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Definition
| the finding that the average intelligence test score in the united states and other industrialized nations has improved steadily over the last century |
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Term
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Definition
| the fertilized egg that is formed from the union of the sperm and eggs cells in human reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| environmental agents such as drugs and viruses, disease, and physical conditions that impair prenatal development and lead to birth defects and sometimes death |
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Term
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Definition
| an innate human reflex that leads infants to suck anything that touches their lips |
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Term
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Definition
| an innate human reflex that leads infants to turn their mouths toward anything that touches their cheeks and search for something to suck on |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language |
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Term
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Definition
| the different format of speech that adults use when talking with babies that involves the use of shorter sentences with a higher, more melodious pitch |
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Term
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Definition
| the rhythmic repetition of various syllables including both consonants and vowels |
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Term
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Definition
| a word used by an infant to express a complete idea |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of a newly learned word to objects that are not included in the meaning of the word |
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Term
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Definition
| the failure to apply a new word more generally to objects that are included within the meaning of the word |
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Term
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Definition
| using two-word sentences with mainly nouns and verbs |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's term for the interpretation of new experiences in terms of present schemas |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's term for the modification of present schemas to fit with new experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| the first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, from birth to about age 2, during which infants learn about the world through their sensory and motor interactions with it and develop object permanence |
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Term
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Definition
| the knowledge that an object exists independent of perceptual contact with it |
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Term
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Definition
| the second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, from age 2 to 6, during which the child's thinking becomes more symbolic and langauge-based, but remains egocentric and lacks the mental operations that allow logical thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| the knowledge that the quantitative properties of objects remain the same despite changes in appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a problem at a time |
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Term
| concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| the third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, from 6 to 12, during which children gain a fuller understanding of conservation and other mental operations that allow them to think logically, but only about concrete events |
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Term
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Definition
| the last stage is Piaget's theory of cognitive development, starting at age 12 or so, during which a child gains the capacity for hypothetical-deductive thought |
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Term
| zone of proximal development |
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Definition
| according to Vygotsky, the difference between what a child can actually do and what the child could do with the help of others |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Vygotsky, a style of teaching in which the teacher adjusts the level of help in relation to the child's level of performance while orienting the child's learning toward the upper level of his or her zone of proximal development |
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Term
| pre-conventional level of moral reasoning |
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Definition
| the first level of reasoning in Kohlberg's theory of moral development in which moral reasoning is based on avoiding punishment and looking out for your own welfare and the needs |
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Term
| conventional level of moral reasoning |
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Definition
| the second level of reasoning in Kohlberg's theory of moral development in which moral reasoning is based on social rules and laws |
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Term
| post-conventional level of moral reasoning |
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Definition
| the last level of reasoning in Kohlberg's theory of moral development in which moral reasoning is based on self-chosen universal ethical principles and the avoidance of self-condemnation for violating such principles |
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Term
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Definition
| the type of attachment indicated by the infant exploring freely in the presence of the mother in Ainsworth strange situation procedure, displaying distress when the mother leaves,and responding enthusiastically when she returns |
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Term
| insecure-avoidant attachment |
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Definition
| the type of attachment indicated by the infant exploring with little interest in the mother in the Ainsworth strange situation procedure, showing only minimal distress when the mother leaves, and avoiding her when she returns |
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Term
| insecure-ambivalent attachment |
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Definition
| the type of attachement indicated by the infant not exploring but seeking closeness to the mother in the Ainsworth strange situation procedure and showing high leaves of distress when the mother leaves and ambivalent behavior when she returns by alternately clinging to and pushing away from her |
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Term
| insecure-disorganized attachment |
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Definition
| the type of attachment indicated by the infant's confusion when the mother leaves and returns in the Ainsworth strange situation procedure. The infant acts disoriented seems overwhelmed by the by the situation, and does not demonstrate a consistent way of coping with it |
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Term
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Definition
| the set of innate tendencies of dispositions that lead a person to behave in certain ways |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle of seeking immediate gratification for instinctual drives without concerns for the consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the personality that person is born with, where the biological instinctual drives reside, and that is located totally in the unconscious mind |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the personality that starts developing in the first year os so of life to find realistic outlets for the id's instinctual drives |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle of finding gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of the norms of society |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the personality that represents one's conscience and idealized standards of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a person from anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| the areas of the body where the id's pleasure-seeking energies are focused during a particular stage of psycho sexual development |
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Term
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Definition
| some of the id's pleasure seeking energies remaining in a psycho sexual stage due to excessive gratification or frustration of instinctual needs |
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Term
| oral stage of psycho sexual development |
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Definition
| the first stage in Freud's theory in which erogenous zones are the mouth, lips and tongue, and the child derives pleasure from oral activities such as sucking, biting and chewing |
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Term
| anal stage of psycho sexual development |
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Definition
| the second stage in Freud's theory in which the erogenous zone is the anus, and the child derives pleasure from stimulation of the anal region through having and withhold bowel movements |
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Term
| phallic stage of psycho sexual development |
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Definition
| the third stage in Freud's theory which the erogenous zone is located at the genitals, and the child derives pleasure form genital stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| a phallic stage conflict for a boy in which the boy becomes sexually attracted to his moth and fears his father will find out and castrate him |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which children adopt the characteristics of the same-sex parents and learn their gender roles and sense of morality |
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Term
| latency stage of psycho sexual development |
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Definition
| the fourth stage in Freud's theory in which their is no erogenous zone, sexual feelings are repressed, and the focus is on cognitive and social development |
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Term
| genital stage of psycho sexual development |
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Definition
| the fifth stage in Freud's theory in which the erogenous zone is at the genitals and the child develops sexual relationships, moving toward intimate adult relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| the motivational component in Maslow's theory of personality in which our innate needs that motivate our behavior are hierarchically arranged in a pyramid shape. From bottom to topo, the needs are physiological, safety, belonging and love, esteem, and self-actualization |
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Term
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Definition
| the behaviors and attitudes for which other people, starting with our parents, will give us positive regard |
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Term
| unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| unconditioned acceptance and approval of a person by others |
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Term
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Definition
| the set of cognitive processes by which a person observes, evaluates, and regulates her behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a judgment of one's effectiveness in dealing with particular situations |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which we explain our own behavior and that of others |
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Term
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Definition
openness
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism |
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Term
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Definition
| a personality test that uses a series of ambiguous stimuli to which the test taker must respond about her perceptions of the stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in behavior, belief, or both to conform to a group norm as a result of real or imagined group pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| acting in accordance with a direct request from another person or group |
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Term
| foot-in-the-door technique |
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Definition
| compliance to a large request is gained by preceding it with a very small request |
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Term
| door-in-the-face technique |
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Definition
| compliance is gained by starting with a large, unreasonable request that is turned down and following it with a more reasonable, smaller request |
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Term
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Definition
| compliance to a costly request is gained by first getting compliance to an attractive, less costly request but then reneging on it |
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Term
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Definition
| compliance to a planned second request with additional benefits is gained by presenting this request before a response can be made to a first request |
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Term
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Definition
| leading to improvement on simple or well-learned tasks and worse performance on complex or unlearned tasks when other people are present |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to exert less effort when working in a group toward a common goal than when individually working toward the goal |
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Term
| diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
| the lessening of individual responsibility for a task when the responsibility for the task is spread across the members of a group |
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Term
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Definition
| the probability of a person's helping in an emergency is greater when there are no other bystanders than when there are other bystanders |
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Term
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Definition
| the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity |
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Term
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Definition
| the strengthening of a group's prevailing opinion about a topic following group discussion about the topic |
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Term
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Definition
| a mode of group thinking that impairs decision making because the desire for group harmony overrides a realistic appraisal of the possible decision alternatives |
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Term
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Definition
| information gathered early is weighted more heavily than information gathered later in forming an impression of another person |
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Term
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Definition
| our behavior leads a person to act in accordance with our expectations for that person |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to overestimate situational influences on our own behavior, but to overestimate dispoistional influences on the behavior of others |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and unsuccessful behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilites and successful behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| evaluative reactions towards objects, events, and other people |
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Term
| cognitive dissonance theory |
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Definition
| a theory developby by Leon Festinger that assumes people have a tendency to change their attitudes to reduce the cognitive discomfort created by inconsistencies between their attitudes and their behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory developed by Daryl Bem which assumes that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them by examining our behavior and the context in which it occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders in which excessive anxiety leads to personal distress and atypical, maladaptive, and irrational behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of specific objects or situations that is excessive and unreasonable |
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Term
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of one or more social performance situations in which there is exposure to unfamiliar people or scrutiny by others |
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Term
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of being in places or situations from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing |
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Term
| obsessive-compulsive disorder |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder in which the person experiences recurrent obsessions or compulsions that are perceived by the person as excessive or unreasonable, but cause significant distress and disruption in the person's daily life |
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Term
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Definition
| a persistent intrusive though, idea, impulse, or image that causes anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| a repetitive and rigid behavior that a person feels compelled to perform in order to reduce anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| a false sensory perception |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| vulnerability-stress model |
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Definition
| a bio-psycho-sexual exaplanation of schizophrenia which proposes that genetic, prenatal, and postnatal biological factors render a person vulnerable to schizophrenia, but environmental stress determines whether it develops or not |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of drugs to treat mental disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| a naturally occurring element that is used to treat bipolar disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| a side effect of long-term use of traditional anti psychotic drugs causing the person to have uncontrollable facial tics, grimaces, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw and tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of psycho surgery in which the neuronal connections of the frontal lobes to lower brain areas are severed |
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Term
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Definition
| a person spontaneously describes, without editing, all thoughts, feelings, or images that come to mind |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's term for the literal surface meaning of a dream |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's term for the underlying true meaning of a dream |
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Term
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Definition
Carl Rogers
unconditional positive regard is used |
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Term
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Definition
| a counter conditioning exposure therapy in which the patient is immediately exposed to a feared object or situation |
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Term
| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| a counter conditioning exposure therapy in which a fear response to an object or situation is replaced with a relaxation response in a series of progressively increasing fear-arousing steps |
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Term
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Definition
| a counter conditioning exposure therapy in which the patient is exposed in graduated steps to computer simulations of a feared object of situation |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis in which the therapist directly confronts and challenges the person's unrealistic thoughts and beliefs to show that they are irrational |
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Term
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Definition
| getting better wit the passage of time without receiving any thearpy |
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