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DNA is made up of nucleotides which each has three components |
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| 5-carbon sugar deoxyibose, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base |
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everyone has different DNA because |
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Definition
the nucleotides can go in any order |
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the four types of nitrogenous bases |
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adenine, guanine (both purines with two rings), cytosine, and thymine (both pyrimidines with one ring) |
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the nitrogenous bases that are always paired together. called base pairng |
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Definition
guanine and cytosine adenine and thymine |
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| the backbone of DNA is made of |
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Definition
| sugar and the phosphate group of each nucleotide |
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| replication occurs in an area called |
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Definition
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| process of DNA replication, first step |
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Definition
| hydrogen bonds break the double helix into two coplementary strands |
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| process of DNA replication, second step |
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Definition
| two more stands are created |
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process of DNA replication, third step |
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| DNA polymerase (an enzyme) pairs the new strands with the old strands |
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| process of DNA replication, fourth step |
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Definition
| there are two stands of DNA |
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Definition
| that is responsible for translating the DNA into a gene--a complementary strand of DNA must be made to do this |
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| the complementary strand of DNA that is made to translate DNA into a gene is made by a process called |
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Definition
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| RNA polymerase temporarily separates the DNA double helix, so that it can make |
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| RNA will only transcribe in areas of the DNA called |
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Definition
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| the first step of getting a gene is to |
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| produce proteins for it--what RNA does |
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| carries instructions on how to make the proteins from the DNA to the rest of the cell |
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Definition
| type of RNA that is on ribosomes |
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Definition
| carries amino acids (along with unpaired bases) to the ribosomes, and then the aminos acids are used to make a protein |
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what is the process that specifies which amino acids bind together to create the proteins |
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Definition
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| the tRNA carries its three unpaired bases and matches (called the anticodon) and |
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Definition
| matches them to one codon |
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| the difference between RNA and DNA is |
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Definition
| the sugar in RNA is ribose while the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose |
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| Charles Darwin came up with the theory of evolution after |
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Definition
| traveling around the world and collecting/studying many different types of species (saw differences based on their environments) |
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| Lamarck's was the first to realize that |
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Definition
| species descend from other species and that species adapted to their environments |
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Lamarck's incorrect idea was that |
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Definition
tendency towards perfection and use and disuse and inheritance of acquired traits |
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| tendency towards perfection is the idea that |
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Definition
| species would keep adapting until they were perfectly adapted for their environment |
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use and disuse is the idea that |
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Definition
| if a species did not use something it would just fall off over time and if a species need something it would grow |
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| inheritance of acquired traits |
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Definition
in humans if you lifted weights your whole life and got big muscles, your children would have as big as muscles as you did |
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| when species compete to survive and whichever species can adapt the most easily survives is |
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Definition
| survival of the fittest or natural selection |
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| every current species cam efrom one single species is the idea of |
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Definition
| common descent and ancestry |
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adaptations and allele frequency is when members of a population interbreed and create a gene pool but |
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Definition
| many times an allele or trait occurs in the gene pool is its frequency represented in percentages |
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| the random changing in allele frequency |
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Definition
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| in sequence of DNA, either by a mistake or by chemicals in the environment |
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| the scientific way to refer to a species always in italics, with the first word capitalized and the second is lowercase |
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binomial nomenclature species and genus |
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| the way to classify organisms each group being called a taxon |
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| all of the taxons, largest to smallest |
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kingdom phylum class order family genus species |
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| two different types of proykaryotes |
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Definition
| archaebactera and eubactera |
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| three different shapes that bacteria can be |
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Definition
bacilli-rod shaped cocci-round little balls spirilla-spiral shaped |
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| eubacteria's cell walls are different and to tell them apart you use |
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Definition
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| gram-staining has two dyes |
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the violet primary stain the red counter stain |
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gram positive appear the same color because of gram negative appear pink or light red because of |
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thick cell walls thin cell walls |
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| bacteria have two main roles in the enviroment |
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Definition
| as decomposers and as nitrogen fixers |
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| decomposers help recycle nutrients back into the earth and purify water by |
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| breaking down dead or decaying matter into simpler things |
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| nitrogen fixers help plants make proteins by |
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Definition
| converting nitrogen to ammonia |
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| virus that infect bacteria and use bacteria as their hosts |
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| virus that uses RNA as its genetic information instead of DNA |
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are what the body sends out to stop the pathogen attach to antigens and stop infection by traveling through the blood stream |
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| whatever triggers an immune response such as bacteria a virus or any other pathogen |
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| hiv is spread through contact |
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Definition
| with contaminated blood or body fluids (transmitted sexually) |
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lytic infections enter a cell make copies of it cause the cell to burst causes infection right away |
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put their own DNA into the cell's DNA so every time the cell replicates, so does the virus lysogenic infections are forever in your body |
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| the integrated DNA of the cell and the virus in a lysogenic infection is a |
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Definition
chemical solutions that kill pathogenic bacteria |
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Definition
| some manufacturers have added antibacterial chemicals to their products |
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| disadvantage of antibacterial soaps |
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Definition
overuse of antibacterial soaps increase the chances that common bacteria will evolve and become resistant to the soaps very dangerous |
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| unicellular algae have chlorophyll and accessory pigments that help them harvest and use sunlight so that they can live deep underwater, those types are |
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Definition
euglenoophytes chrysophytes diatoms dinoflagellates |
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| red algae s good at harvesting light has chlorophyll |
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Definition
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| brown algae are the largest and most complex and have chlorophyll |
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Definition
A and C C gives them their color |
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| green algae share the most characteristics with plans and have chlorophyll |
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unicellular colonial multicellular |
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| general human uses of algae |
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major food source for ocean life produce much of the Earth's oxygen |
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| used to treat stomach ulcers, high blood pressure, arthritis, and other health problems |
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sushi ice cream salad dressing pudding candy bars pancake syrup eggnog |
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plastics waxes transistors deodorants paints lubricants artificial wood |
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| grow bacteria and other microorganisms |
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| the product of sexual reproduction are |
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| when gametes fuse they form a |
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| zygotes can either produce haplod cells or become a sporophyte that produces |
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| when protists go through both sexual reproduction cycles is called |
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| alteration of generations |
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Definition
animal like plant like fungus like |
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| all fungus are multicellular except for |
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Definition
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| fungus are made of hyphae |
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one cell thick some have cross walls tangled together in a mycelium |
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the process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen |
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crayfish have 8 pairs of 5 pairs of and 2 |
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Definition
appendages swimmerets pinchers (different sizes) |
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| the hard exoskeleton of a crayfish is used for |
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| protection, support, and prevention of water loss |
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| the tail of a crayfish has what on the sides and what in the middle |
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Definition
uropods-sides telson-middle |
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| how many antennae does a crayfish have |
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Definition
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| what are some behavioral traits of a crayfish |
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scutters fast tucks tail under body when scared sprawls legs out when moving forward uses antennae to feel can move its tail, pinchers, antennas, mouth, and swimmerets |
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| cold blooded animals deal with the change in temperature by |
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Definition
| moving slowly and eating very little (hibernation) |
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| a frog's skin feels slimy becaue of the membranes that |
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Definition
| secret mucus onto the skin to keep it moist |
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| counter shading helps a frog |
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| hide from their predators |
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| frogs don't have rib bones and their ears are called |
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Definition
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| what does a frog do when it needs to push big food items down its throat |
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Definition
| it pulls its eye into its head and through its mouth |
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| a frog's heart has how many chambers |
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| the tadpoles first meal is |
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| the jelly around the egg it hatches from |
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| frogs are important to the environment because |
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Definition
| they keep the population of pests balanced in nature |
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