Term
| Blood returns to the heart via the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| From the anterior vena cava, blood flows to the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the _____. |
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Definition
| capillaries of the head, forelimbs, abdominal organs, and hind limbs |
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Term
| The _____ has(have) the thinnest walls. |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood pressure is highest in the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Voice sounds are produced by the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs _____. |
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Definition
| as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) |
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Term
| By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ABCs of lifesaving are __________ |
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Definition
| airway...breathing...circulation |
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Term
| Which one of the following is a function of the circulatory system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Closed circulatory systems _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ transport blood to capillaries, and _____ transport blood away from capillaries. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a fish, the cardiovascular system has a _____ pump, whereas in a mammal, it has a _____ pump. |
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Definition
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Term
| The function of the pulmonary circuit is to __________. |
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Definition
| carry carbon dioxide to the lungs and pick up oxygen from the lungs |
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Term
| What is unique about blood in pulmonary arteries compared with blood in other arteries? |
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Definition
| It is loaded with carbon dioxide. |
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Term
| Which chamber(s) of the heart hold(s) oxygen-rich blood? |
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Definition
| left atrium and left ventricle |
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Term
| Where does blood go directly after it leaves the inferior vena cava? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which one of the following correctly traces a drop of blood through the circulatory system? |
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Definition
| right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body, right atrium |
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Term
| Emphysema damages the tissues of the lungs and increases peripheral resistance, forcing the heart to increase its contraction strength to compensate. In which of the following would changes first be detectable? |
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Definition
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Term
| Heart valves function to __________. |
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Definition
| keep blood moving forward through the heart |
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Term
| he SA node generates an electrical impulse from its location in the __________ |
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Definition
| right atrium, causing atrial contraction |
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Term
| What is the physiological cause of a heart attack? |
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Definition
| a blood clot lodging in a blood vessel supplying the heart |
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Term
| Your blood pressure is 120/70. The "120" indicates __________, and the "70" indicates __________. |
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Definition
| arterial pressure during heart contraction ... arterial pressure during heart relaxation |
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Term
| The major component of plasma is _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary sealant that plugs leaks in blood vessels is _____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| buildup of lipids in the walls of heart blood vessels |
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Term
| In the alveoli and lung capillaries, CO2 and O2 are exchanged by means of __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| For a body surface to be a respiratory surface, it must be __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is an essential feature for an animal's gas-exchange surface? |
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Definition
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Term
| During evolutionary refinements that led from fish to mammals, why was a shift from gills to lungs necessary? |
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Definition
| Protecting gas-exchange surfaces from drying out is difficult when on land. |
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Term
| Which of the following normally contain(s) the highest concentration of oxygen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the order of passage as air is inhaled into the lungs in a typical mammal? |
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Definition
| nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus |
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Term
| The primary functional unit of the human lung is a(n) _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Humans produce the sounds of language by __________ |
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Definition
| tensing and relaxing the vocal cords as air flows past them |
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Term
|
Definition
| the exchange of gases in the lungs |
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Term
| During exhalation in a typical young adult human, __________. |
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Definition
| the rib cage returns to a resting position |
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Term
| Inhalation in humans is achieved by __________. |
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Definition
| contraction of the diaphragm and muscles between the ribs |
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Term
| Which of these transports oxygen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of the ABCs of lifesaving does the Heimlich maneuver affect? |
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Definition
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Term
| A neuron's nucleus is located in its _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| A nerve impulse moves toward a neuron's cell body along _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| a nerve impulse moves away from a neuron's cell body along ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| An impulse relayed along a myelinated axon "jumps" from _____ to _____. |
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Definition
| node of Ranvier ... node of Ranvier |
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Term
| Axons insulated by a(n) _____ are able to conduct impulses faster that those not so insulated |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cell makes up the myelin sheath of a motor neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of a neuron relays signals from one neuron to another neuron or to an effector? |
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Definition
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Term
| A neuron has a resting potential of about _____ millivolts. |
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Definition
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Term
| An action potential moves along a(n) _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| At rest, which of these plays a role in establishing the charge differential across a neuron's plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| the sodium-potassium pump moving sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions into the neuron |
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Term
| The transmission of a nerve impulse first triggers the _____ |
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Definition
| opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and the diffusion of sodium ions into the neuron |
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Term
| A stimulus has opened the voltage-gated sodium channels in an area of a neuron's plasma membrane. As a result, _____ rushes into the neuron and diffuses to adjacent areas; this in turn results in the _____ in the adjacent areas. |
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Definition
| sodium ... opening of voltage-gated sodium channels |
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Term
| Which of these causes the release of neurotransmitter molecules? |
|
Definition
| an action potential reaching the end of the axon |
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Term
| The space between an axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron is called a(n) _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurons store neurotransmitter molecules in vesicles located within _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ is the region of the eye where photoreceptors are most highly concentrated. |
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Definition
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Term
| What name is given to the tough layer that forms the "white" of the eye? |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ changes shape to focus light on the retina. |
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Definition
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Term
| What name is given to the opening that allows light into the interior of the eye? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which of these is a component of a human's appendicular skeleton? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of joint allows you to open and close your mouth? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of joint allows you to shake your head "no"? |
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Definition
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Term
| The thick filaments of sarcomeres are composed of _____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The thin filaments of sarcomeres are composed of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| A single muscle cell is referred to as a _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| During the course of muscle contraction the potential energy stored in ATP is transferred to potential energy stored in _____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The release of _____ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is required for skeletal muscle contraction |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Myosin heads bind to _____, which they then pull and cause to slide toward the center of the sarcomere. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Of these events, the first to occur when a motor neuron stops sending an impulse to a muscle is _____. |
|
Definition
| the pumping of calcium ions out of the cytoplasm and back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the functional unit of the nervous system? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which of the following is(are) part of the central nervous system? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which one of the following is a component of the forebrain? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which of the following components of the human eye forms the iris? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In humans, oxygen is delivered to the cells of the body by the ______ system. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The basic rhythm of the heartbeat is set by the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What kinds of cells wander the interstitial fluid eating whatever bacteria and virus-infected cells they encounter and recognize? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When you cut yourself, the damaged cells immediately release which of the following chemical alarm signals? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A substance that can elicit an immune response is called a(n) ______. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The basic function of T cells is to identify and destroy invaders in our ______. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which of the following types of cells does HIV preferentially infect? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| When an animal listens for the return of loud vocalizations bouncing off of objects, this is called _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a neuron and a nerve? |
|
Definition
| They consist of different numbers of cells. |
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|
Term
| The type of neuron that, when stimulated by the environment, transmits an impulse to the central nervous system is a(n) ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The part of a neuron that carries nerve impulses toward the cell body is called _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An action potential is __________ |
|
Definition
| a traveling wave of depolarization in the neuron membrane |
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|
Term
| An example of a natural pain killer is _____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is specifically a part or a function of the central nervous system? |
|
Definition
| interpretation of sensory signals |
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|
Term
| Which one of the following structures is(are) included in the peripheral nervous system? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| You come to class and are surprised to find out that there is an exam today. Because of your surprise, your heart rate increases, your breathing rate increases, and your digestive system shuts down. Amazingly, you remain calm enough to realize that these events are being stimulated by the __________. |
|
Definition
| sympathetic division of the PNS |
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|
Term
| Which of the following structures constitutes the human forebrain? |
|
Definition
| thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum |
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|
Term
| A man is admitted to the hospital suffering from an abnormally low body temperature, a loss of appetite, and extreme thirst. A brain scan shows a tumor located in the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The corpus callosum connects the __________. |
|
Definition
| right and left cerebral hemispheres |
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|
Term
| The limbic system is involved in __________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Our receptors for taste, smell, and hearing are, respectively, __________. |
|
Definition
| chemoreceptor, chemoreceptor, and mechanoreceptor |
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|
Term
| What region of the brain functions as the body's major thermostat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following types of receptors detect changes in temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is(are) a type of mechanoreceptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye is the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In humans, the photoreceptors of the eye are found on the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glaucoma is caused by a __________. |
|
Definition
| blockage of the ducts that drain the aqueous humor |
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|
Term
| Astigmatism is caused by a __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the front of the eye, the sclera becomes the transparent _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Correct focusing of the image on the retina in humans is achieved by __________ |
|
Definition
| changing the shape of the lens of the eye |
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|
Term
| When you focus your eyes on a nearby object, the lenses _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Incapacitating the muscles of a vertebrate eye would result in __________ |
|
Definition
| an inability to regulate the amount of light entering the eye and an inability to focus light |
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|
Term
| Nearsightedness is the result of _________ |
|
Definition
| light focusing in front of the eyeball |
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|
Term
| Rod cells function primarily in __________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ifficulty in distinguishing red from green is most likely due to a defect in certain ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The greatest concentration of cone receptors is found at the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following correctly traces the path of light into your eyes? |
|
Definition
| cornea, pupil, lens, retina |
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|
Term
| A human born with nonfunctional rhodopsin would ________ |
|
Definition
| be unable to see in dim light |
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|
Term
| If the basilar membranes in the ears were equal in width and flexibility along their length, how would this affect a person's sense of hearing? |
|
Definition
| The person could not distinguish different pitches. |
|
|
Term
| The organ of Corti is found _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The brain determines the loudness of a sound from ______ |
|
Definition
| the number of action potentials generated in the sensory neurons |
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