a) Heterosporous

b) Megaspores and Microspores to give rise to megagameophyte and microgametophyte

a) Sporophyte is dominant

b) Gametophyte is nutritionally dependent

• air transported microgametophyte (pollen grain)
• no antheridia; sperm transported in polen tube to egg
• integumented megasporangium (ovule, which develops into seed)
• megagametophyte develops archegonia and eggs; after fertilization, megagametophyte provides nourishment to embryo
• no need for liquid water for fertilization

a) Progymnosperms are said to have a charateristics between two what?

b) Produce a true what? that develops into both secondary xylem and phloem

c) Their reprodution is similar to what?

d) Homosporous or heterosporous?

a) intermediate between vascular trimerophytes and seed plants

b) Vascular cambiam that develops into both secondary xylem and phloem

c) similar to Ferns: freely dispersed (not retained) spores (especially megaspores). Seed plants retain and enclose megaspores in ovules

d) most were  homosporous, but some heterosporous

    - all seed plants are heterosporous, these are  

      progymnosperm ancestor of seed plants

- seed ferns (extincts)

- all other gymnosperms

- carboniferous seef fern

- ferny leaves named neuropteris or alethopteris

- seeds

- pollen sacs

- carboniferious seed fern

- percopteris foliage

1. Coniferophyta- pines, hemlocks, sequoias, yews, cedars, spruces
2. Cycadophyta- cycads
3. Gingophyta- Ginkgo
4. Gnetophyta - Gnetum, Ephedea, Welwischia

Conifers and gnetophytes = nonmotile sperm which conveys directly to egg

ginkgo and cycads = semi motile sperm (has to make it's way to the archegonium)

Gymnosperm Phyla Coniferophyta (Pines)

a) What is the sporophyte made up of?

b) What type of vascular tissue?

c) What are stems made up of?

d) What are cones?

e) Female?

f) Male?

a) Leaves, stems and roots

b) primary and secondary vascular tissues

c) stems made up of short and long shoots       

   - short shoot: photosynthetic (needles) leaves

   - long shoot: bear shot shoots and nonphotosynthetic

     leaves (bracts)

d) reproductive structures are modified by long and short shoots; separated by sex

e) ovulate cones, modified long shoots

f) staminate cones, modified short shoots.

Gymnosperm; Phyla Coniferophyta

Describe the male cone and the result of meiosis and mitosis

- modified short shoot

- simple

- modified stem axis w/ modified leaves bearing microsporangia (microsporophylls) inserted laterally; produced in early spring

- w/in microsporangia microspore mother cells (2N) undergo meiosis to produce microspores (N)

- microspores undergo two mitotic divisions to produce a 4-celled microgametophyte (pollen grain)

- pollen grain at maturity contains two prothalial cells (vegetative), a tube cell and a generative cell.

- pollen grains land into female cone and germinate to forma pollen tube, cytoplasmic extension of the tube cell, which will carry the generative nucleus w/ it.

- the generative nucleus give rise to daughers, one of which divides to produce 2 sperm nuclei.

Gymnosperm Phyla Coniferophyta

Describe the Female cone

- modified long shoot

- larger and more complex than male cone

- cone axis is a modified stem w/ modified stems (ovuliferious scales) inserted laterally in the axils of modified leaves (nonphotosynthetic bracts)

- ovules (integumented megasporangia) are produced in early spring on the upper surface of the scales.

Gymnosperm Phyla Coniferophyta

How does the megaspore mother cell develop into megaspores?

A single cell (megasporangia mother cell, 2N) inside the megasporangium (nucellus) inside the integuments of each ovule undergoes meiosis to produce 4 megaspores (N) which 3 will die and one will survive

Gymnosperm Phyla Coniferophyta

Describe the process of fertilization.

- the megaspore will divide to form a female gametophyte inside the nucellus, which remain inside the integuments

- maturity, the female gametophyte forms 2 archegonia w/ eggs at the micropyle end of each ovule.

- pollen captured inside female cone in the previous spring germinate and pollen tube grows towards eggs.

- fertilization is internal, water is not required.

- zygote (2N) develops into embryo w/ numerous embryonic leaves (cotyledons), root and stem.

- seed is dispersed

1. seed coat (2N) which develops from the remnants of the integuments and nucellus of the parent sporophyte
2. female gametophyte tissue (n) serves as food supply
3. embryo (2N) daughter plant of the adult sporophyte, and is therefore genetically different

One year.

Pollintion - pollen from male cone to female cone (1st spring)

Fertilization- fusion of gametes (2nd spring)

1. Reduced gametophyte - dependent on sporophyte

2. no antheridia; pollen tube transports male gametes to site of fertilization

3. gametes not produced until after pollination

4. seeds protected by seed coat and embryos provided with foodd supply; easily dispersed

Phylum Cycadophyta- Cycads

a) Habitat

b) fast or slow growing?

c) Structure of leaves?

d) monecious or dioecious sporophyte?

e) type of stem?

f) type of sperm?

a) tropical and subtropical

b) slow-growing

c) large stiff compound leaves

d) diecious sporophyte produce either male or female cones (both simple)

e) fleshy stem- much parenchyma

f) Flagellated

Describe Phylum Gnetophyta

a) monoecious or dioecious?

b) What type of Xylem?

c) What species pollinates?

d) single or double fertilization?

e) some lack archegonia true or false?

f) Gnetum: describe.

a) monoecious, compound cones on separate plants

b) Vessel xylem

c) insect pollinates

d) double fertilization

e) some lack archgonia

f) Gnetum: lack archegonia, insect pollinate, dioecious

Phyla Equisetum

a) Dioecious or monoecious

b) Type of xylem

c) single or double fertilization

d) What is unique about the cones?

e) example

a) Both arid plants world-wide

b) vessels

c) double fertilization

d) flower like cones
e) Ephedra

a) Welwitschia is in what phyla?

b) Where is it found?

c) Dioecious or monoecious?

d) What type of xylem?

e) How does it pollenate?

a) phyla Gnetophyta

b) Namid desert in Africa

c) Dioecious; cone bearing ; two strap-shaped leaves

d) xylem vessel

e) Egg tube grows towards pollen tube, no archegonia

Phyla Ginkgophyta

a) Dioecious or monoecious sporophyte?

b) Males produce what

c) Females produce what and where?

d) T or F seed coat is not fleshy

e) T of F sperm is flagellated

a) Diecious

b) pollen

c) single seed at end of short stalk

d) False, seed is fleshy

e) True, flagellated sperm