Lycopodiophyta (lycophytes)

Pteridophyta (ferns and their allies, whisk ferns and horsetails)

What are protracheophytes?

Vascular plants branch profusely through the activity of apical meristems located at the tips of the stems and branches, while the bryophytes incrase length of the sporophyte subapical, which is below the stem.

Bryophytes sporophyte is unbranched with a single sporangium, while the vascular plants are branched with multiple sporangium.

1. Zosterophyllophyta (extinct) gave rise to Lycopodiophyta

2. Euphyllophyte which contained Ethyniophyta (Extinct) and Trimerophyta (extinct) gave rise to monilophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk fers, Phylum Pteridophyta) and ancestors of seed plants.

- carboniferous landscapes.

- remained mined as coal

- low, except for the ferns.

Dermal plant tissue

Vascular tissue system: includes xylem and phloem

ground tissue system: a

Oogamous; nonmotile eggg and a small sperm that swims or are conveyed to the Egg.

Alternation of heteromorphic generations; sporophyte is larger and structurally more complex than the gametophyte.

sporophytes that produced one type of spore and one type of sporangia.

Bisexual gametophytes which bear both antheridia and archegonia.

The unisexual gametophytes are much reduced compared to the bisexal gametophytes of heterosporous plants.

Heterosporous gametophytes develop wiithin the spore wall (endosporic development) homosporous plants develop outside the spore wall (exosporic development)

In Lycopodiums in Phyla Lycopodiophyta
a) how are the stems and roots arranged?

b) How are microphylls arranged?

c) What are strobili?

d) What type of gametophyte is formed after germination?

e) Is water necessary for sperm to transfer to egg?

a) Protostelic

b) most spirally

c) nonphotosynthetic sporophylls grouped into strobuli or cones. Sporangia occur singularly on the upper surface of fertile microphylls called sporophylls, leaflike sporangia.

d) Bisexual gametophyte

e) Yes, water is necessary.

Life Cycle of Lycopodium Lagopus, Club Mosses

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1. w/in the strobilus there is a sporangium w/ sporogenous tissue (2N) that will undergo meiosis
2. spore (N) form, release, and germinate and for rhizoids. Bisexual gametophyte w/ archegonia and antheridia
3. Sperm of Antheridia swims via water into archgonia and fertilize to become zyote (2N)
4. The Young embryo will develop into a young sporophyte and mature to form roots, Rhizome roots, aerial stem, microphylls and strobili.

Phyla Lycopodiophyta Class Selagenilla

a) What type of sporophytes are formed homosporous or heterosporous?

b) What are microsporangia and megasporangia? Where are they found?

c) Are they endosporic or exosporic?

d) Where does the embryo develop?

A) Heterosporous

b) microsporangia: borne by microsporophylls is the male and megasporagina borne by megasporophylls and is the femal. They are both on the same strobuli 

c) Endosporic

d) Developes inside female gametopyte inside megaspore wall.

Life Cycle of Phyla Lycopodiophyta Class Selaginella

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1. W/in the strobilus the sporogenous tissue (2n) undergoes meiosis forming megasporangium and microsporangium with microspores (N) and megaspores (N)
2. Microspore will develop into microgametophyte and megagametophyte form from the megaspore wall.
3. The sperm of the mature microgametophyte will swim to the egg in the archegonia and fertilize.
4. Zygote (2N) will form inside the archegonium.
5. young spotophyte attached to the gametophyte will grow into a mature gametophyte with strobulus                

Sporophyte is made up of underground rhizoe w/ adventitious roots and above ground megaphylls (fronds)

- leaves unravel in spring from characteristic "fiddle heads" (circinnate vernation)

Terrestrial = homosporous

Aquatic = heterosporous

Eusporangium: the parent cells, the initials, are located at the surface of the tissue from which the sporangium is produced. Divide by formation of walls parallel to surface.

    - larger and contain many more spores, are characteristic of all vascular plants

Leptosporangia: single superficial initial cell, which divides transversely or obliquely.

tapetum: nutritive structure

Ficales homosporous Leptospoangiate Ferns

In homosporous species spores germinate to produce

a) exsporic or endosporic?

b) unisexual or bisexual gametophytes?

c) that is photosynthetic and independent or dependent?

d) What shape?

e) what is produced at one end

f) where is archegonia and antheridia?

g) Is water required?

a) exsporic

b) bisexual gametophytes

c) Independent

d) heart shaped

e) rhizomes at one end

f) Archegonia produced in notch; antheridia produced peripherally

g) water is required for fertilization

Ficales homosporous Leptospoangiate Ferns

What is a pinnae and rachis?

Ficales homosporous Leptospoangiate Ferns

What are sori?

Ficales homosporous Leptospoangiate Ferns

What is a prothallus?

Phyla Pteridiophyta, Leptosporangiate, Ficales, POLYPODIUM LIFE CYCLE

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1. Within the Sorus there is the sporangium w/ sporogenous tissue (2N) that undergoes meiosis
2. Spores (N) are dispersed and germinate into young bisexual gametophyte that anchor the rhizoids the heart shaped gametophyte contains the archegonia in the notch w/ the egg and the antheridium w/ sperm
3. with adequate supply of water sperm will burst out and swim to the egg and fertilize
4. Zygote (2N) forms an the embryo and lead of young sporophyte forms along with the foots. Sori is found on the adult sporophyte leaf.

Phyla Pterdiophyta Order Psilotales

Describe the sporophyte

• sporophyte lacks roots and leaves;
• consists of photosynthetic stem and below-ground rhizome
• scale-like photosynthetic flaps of tissue on stem with sporangia

Phyla Pteriodophyta Class Psilotales rep. psitolum

a) Is it homosporous or heterosprorus?

b) unisexual or bisexual gametophytes

c) sperm is multiflagellated or single?

d) requires water?

a) homosporous

b) bisexual gametophyte

c) multiflagellated sperm

d) requires water

Phyla Pteridophyta Class Psilotale

PSILOTUM LIFE CYCLE

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1. Sporangia is on the scale like outgrowth with sporogenous tissue (2N) and spore mother cells (2N) that undergo meiosis
2. Spore (N) germinates into a bisexual gametophyte with with rhizoids, archegonium, antheridia. The sperm fertilizes the egg in the archegonia.
3. Zygota (2N) forms where young sporophyte is attached to the foot of the gametophyte and grow out of the calpytra
4. forms into a mature sporophyte

Phyla Pteridiophytes

Equasetales represent 2nd major evolutionary line.

What type of fern is Equasetales? Describe the Sporophyte

Horsetails.

- Sporophyte w/ above and below-ground stems and reduced whorled leaves

- ribs joined upright stems embeded w/ silica; "scouring rushes"

Phyla: Ptedidophyta Class Equisetum

a) What are the terminal cones made of?

b) homosporous or heterosporous?

c) What are elaters?

d) Exosporic or endosporic gametophyte?

e) Bisexual or unisexual gametophyte?

a) terminal cones made up of clusters of short sporangiophores (sterms) bearing numerous sporangia

b) homosporous

c) thickened bands that arise from the outer layer of the spore wall

d) Exosporic gametophyte

e) bisexual gametophyte

Life cycle of Phyla Pteriodophyta Class Equisetum

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1. Sporagium is on the strobilus and the sporogenous tissue (2N) undergoes meiosis
2. Spores will disperse with the aid of elaters.
3. Gametophytes are free living and are bisexual or male. Multiflagellated sperm of antheridum will require water to swim to the egg.
4. Fertilization takes place and a zygote (2N) forms and the young sporophyte is attached to the gametophyte by the foot and will detach and become independent.

Are the following dichotomously branched?

a) Lycopodiophyta: Lycophytes

b) Pteriodyphyta: polypodium (ferns)

c) Pteriodyphta: Psilotum (whisk ferns)

d) Pteriodyphta: Equisetum (horsetails)

a) some- Lycophytes

b) no - Polypodium

c) Yes - Psilotum

d) No - Equisetum

Are the following differentiated into roots, stems and leaves

a) Lycopodiophyta: Lycophytes

b) Pteriodyphyta: polypodium (ferns)

c) Pteriodyphta: Psilotum (whisk ferns)

d) Pteriodyphta: Equisetum (horsetails)

a) Yes

b) Yes

c) Stem only
d) Yes

Are the following Homosporous or heterosporous?

a) Lycopodiophyta: Lycophytes

b) Lycopodiophyta: Selaginella

c) Pteriodyphyta: polypodium (ferns)

d) Pteriodyphta: Psilotum (whisk ferns)

e) Pteriodyphta: Equisetum (horsetails)

a) Lycophytes: homosporous

b) Selaginalla: Heterosporous

c) Polypodium: homosporous except aquatic species

d) Psilotum: homosporous

e) Equisetum: Homosporous

What type of leaves

a) Lycopodiophyta: Lycophytes

b) Pteriodyphyta: polypodium (ferns)

c) Pteriodyphta: Psilotum (whisk ferns)

d) Pteriodyphta: Equisetum (horsetails)

a) Microphyll - Lycophytes

b) megaphyll- polypodium

c) scale-like- Psilotum

d) microphyll- Equisetum

Type of stele

a) Lycopodiophyta: Lycophytes

b) Pteriodyphyta: polypodium (ferns)

c) Pteriodyphta: Psilotum (whisk ferns)

d) Pteriodyphta: Equisetum (horsetails)

a) most w/ protostele

b) protostele in some; siphonostele or more complex in others

c) Protostele

d) Eustele-like siphonostele

1. presence of male and female gametangia, antheridia and archegonia

2. retention of both the zygote and the developing multicellular embyo or young sporophyte within the archegonium or female gametophyte

3. presence of a multicellular diploid sporophtye, which results in an increased number of meiosis and an amplification of the number of spores that can be produced by each fertilization event.

4. multicellular sporangia consisting of a sterlie jacket layer and internal spore-producing (sporogenous) tissue.

5) meiospores w/ walls containg sporpollenin, which resists decay and drying

6) tissues produced by an apical meristem.

True or False

DNA sequence data from present-day plants suggests that earliest plants diverged from charophytes were similar to present-day bryophyte.

a) namely the hornworts and certain liverworts

b) dorsiventrally flattened; dorsal side as pores and ventral side has rhizoids and scales.

Marchantia represents which phyla in Bryophytes?

Describe the thallus.

How many cells thick or thin and which portion contains the chlorophyll-rich side.

Unisexual.

Antheridia are borne on disk-headed gametophores caleld antheridiophores

archegonia are borne on umbrella-headed gametophores called archegoniaphores.

Elaters.

Helps disperse spores due to changes in humidity.

Produced in gemma cups located on the dorsal surface of the gametophyte

dispersed by splashes of rain.

Life Cycle of Marchantia

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Young sporophyte (2N) contained inside of the archegonia undergoes meiosis creating spores (N) inside the Mature sporophyte (2n). Spores will give rise to either male or female gametophytes.

Fertilization occurs when the rain falls and transfers motile sperm onto the female archegonial head which swims down the venter and fertilizes the egg forming the zygote which grows into the young sporophyte which will eventually rupture the enlarge calyptra. The sporophyte is permanently attached to the gametophyte by the foot.

Asexual reproduction takes place in the Gemma cup of the gametophyte.