Term
General characteristics of plants
Plants are: |
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Definition
-Eukaryotic
-Multicellular
-Photoautotrophs (capable of synthesizing their own food from inorganic substances using light as an energy source)
-Most adapted for life on land |
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Term
| Adaptations for life on land |
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Definition
-Many of the adaptations that evolved after plants diverged from algae facilitated survival and reproduction on dry land
-For example some plant groups returned to aquatic habitats during their evolution |
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Term
| -Specific adaptations of plants |
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Definition
Obtaining resources from 2 locations
-Example: Many plants use organs (roots, stems, leaves) to obtain/transport water and nutrients, utilize sunlight CO2
-Supporting the plant
-Example: lignin=chemical in cell wall of some plants that provides strength/support
-Maintaining moisture
-Examples: Cuticle=waxy layer that prevents water loss
-Stomata=openings where gas exchanges occurs, regulated by guard cells |
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Term
| -Reproduction and dispersal |
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Definition
-Plants develop from embryos (structures enclosed in maternal tissues)
-Plant diversity reflects the evolutionary history of the plant kingdom |
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Term
| Phyla discussed and general characteristics of nonvascular plants |
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Definition
-Plant groups:
-Nonvascular Plants
-Seedless vascular plants
-Seed plants
-Nonvascular Plants
-Lack specialized tissue to transport fluids
-Lack true roots, stems, leaves
-95% of living plant species are vascular plants
-BYROPHYTA-MOSSES
-Liverworts-Shape resembles human liver
-Hornworts-Structures protrude like horns |
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Term
| Phyla discussed and general characteristics of seedless vascular plants |
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Definition
-Seedless vascular plants
-Have specialized tissue to transport fluids, lack seeds
-PTEROPHYTES-FERNS
-Spores found in clusters under leaves (fronds)
-Flagellated sperm swim through moisture to fertilize egg
General characteristics of seed plants
-Seed Plants
-Seed-Contains embryo, protecting coating, and food supply
-Allow dispersal to diverse habitats without drying out
-Pollen-Transfer non-flagellated sperm to female parts of plant
-Ovule-Reproductive structure that includes egg |
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Term
| Differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms and general characteristics |
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Definition
-Gymnosperm
-Naked seeds
-Seeds produced on the surface of reproductive structures
-Selected phyla:
-Conifers-Cone bearing trees like pine, spruce, and fir
-Ginkgos- Ginkgo biloba is example
-Sold as supplement with memory enhancement claims
-Gnetophytes-Includes Ephedra
-Used in dietary supplements banned by FDA
-Angiosperms
-Flowering plants
-Seeds develop within protective chambers
-Includes most living plant species
-Phylum: ANTHOPHYTA-FLOWERING PLANTS |
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Term
| Understand alteration of generations in plants |
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Definition
-Gametophyte is haploid with multicellular structure
-Sporophytes are diploid with multicellular structure
-Makes spores that generates a multicellular generation |
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Term
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Definition
-Multicellular organism is 2N (diploid, double set of hereditary material)
-One set of chromosomes from mom, one from dad
-Example: 2N=46 in humans
-Gametes (egg and sperm) are 1N (haploid, 1 set of hereditary material
-Half usual number of chromosomes for that species
-Example: 1N=23 for humans
-The diploid phase is the dominant and noticeable phase of animal life cycle -Haploid phase represented only by sperm and eggs |
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Term
| Haploid and diploid generations alternate in plant life cycles Explain. |
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Definition
-Multicellular diploid phase and multicellular haploid phase
-Alternating generations called
-Sporophyte generation (spore plant)
-Gametophyte generation (gamete plant)
-Sporophytes
-Diploid
-Produce haploid spores by meiosis
-Spores grow into gametophytes
-Gametophytes
-Haploid
-Use mitosis to produce haploid gametes
-Gametes produced in specialized structures |
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Term
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Definition
The life cycle of a moss is dominated by the gametophyte
-Gametophytes-Small green leaf-like structure
-Sporophytes-Grows out of parent gametophyte
-Nutritionally dependent on gametophyte
-Spores produced in spore case |
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Term
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Definition
Ferns, like most plants, have a life cycle dominated by the sporophyte
-What you see (fronds) and think of as a fern is the sporophyte
-Gametophyte is heart shaped structure
-Gametophyte is nutritionally dependent on sporophyte |
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Term
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Definition
A pine tree is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its cones
-Sporophyte=Tree
-Produces male and female cones that produce spores
-Gametophyte
-Produced within cones, dependent on sporophyte
-Males gametophyte=Pollen grains
-Female gametophyte (within ovule) |
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Term
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Definition
The angiosperm plant is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers
-Sporophyte=Flowering plant
-Gametophyte
-Like other vascular plants, are nutritionally dependent on sporophyte
-Male gametophyte=pollen grain
-Female gametophyte=embryo sac produced at ovule |
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Term
General characteristics of animals
-Animals are: |
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Definition
-Multicellular
-Heterotrophic
-Eukaryotes that obtain nutrients by ingestion (eating food)
-Have cells with distinctive structures and specializations
-Cells lack cell walls that provide strong support in the bodies of plants and fungi
-Held together by extracellular structural proteins
-Most animals are diploid and reproduce sexually |
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Term
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Definition
-Invertebrates are animals without a backbone
-Most phyla |
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Term
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Definition
are animals with notochord (rod shaped structure down back)
-Phylum-Chordata |
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Term
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Definition
Levels of organizations
-Animals can be characterized by basic features of their “body plan”
-Animals with true tissues are:
-Jellyfish
-Tissue (simple organs)
-Sponge
-No true tissue
-Flatworm
-Tissues, organs, and organ system
-Eumetazoan are “true animals”
- Animals that contain true tissue. |
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Term
| Bilateral, Radial, and Asymmetrical symmetry |
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Definition
-Bilateral Symmetry
-Mirror image right and left sides of animal
-Radial Symmetry
-The body parts radiate from the center
-Any imaginary slice through the central axis divides the animal into mirror images
-The animal has a top and bottom but not right and left sides
-Asymmetrical Symmetry
-The absence or violation of symmetry so the animal has no symmetry whatsoever on its body |
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Term
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Definition
1. Coelomates
-Coelem=Body cavity completely lined with mesoderm (germ level)
-Organs are located in the coelom
2. Pseudoceolomates
-Have false coelom
-Fluid filled cavity that houses organs but is not completely lined with connective tissue
3. Aceolomates
-Have no body cavity |
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Term
| Protostomes/Deuterostomes |
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Definition
-Gastrulation
-Cells of embryo undergo series of cell rearrangements (typically reults in formation of 3 germ layers)
-Animals with all 3-cell layers can be classified as protostomes or deuterostomes
-Difference between the 2 lies in pattern of embryological development
-Protostomes- “Mouth First”
-First indentation becomes mouth (2nd becomes anus if present)
-Deuterostomes-“Mouth Second”
-First indentation becomes anus, second becomes mouth
For the 9 animal phyla discussed, know the names, level of organization, symmetry, body cavity, and if appropriate, whether they are protostomes or deuterostomes |
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