Term
|
Definition
-Neoplasia in tissue of origin
-From overgrowth of mature normal cells |
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Term
|
Definition
-Neoplasia of cells in abnormal location
-Such as pancreatic cell tumor in the liver
-Cells will be normal histologically (fully differentiated) |
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Term
|
Definition
-Has an infiltrative growth with high fatality potential (unlike benign, which is not infiltrative)
-Has potential to metastasize
-Synonymous with "cancer" |
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Term
| Key feature differentiating neoplasia from reactive/inflammatory overgrowth? |
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Definition
| -Autonomous growth (self-governed growth) |
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Term
| Give four clinical features of benign vs. malignant neoplasms? |
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Definition
Benign
-Slow growing
-Usually solitary (no spread)
-Well demarcated (again, no spread)
-Can cause problems through mass effect
Malignant
-Fast growing
-Can be solitary or multiple
-Infiltrative growth (and shape)
-May metastasize (distinguishing feature)
-Also, often associated with necrosis |
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Term
| Histologically, what is typical for benign vs malignant neoplasm cells? |
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Definition
Benign
-Well differentiated cells
-Similar and normal nuclei with few, if any, normal mitotic figures
Malignant
-Usually less differentiated (but can vary)
-Large, pleomorphic (differing) nuclei with many, and often atypical mitotic spindles present |
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Term
Define;
Anaplasia
Aplasia
Hypoplasia
Hyperplasia
Neoplasia
Dysplasia
Metaplasia
Prosoplasia
Desmoplasia |
|
Definition
-Anaplasia – dedifferentiation
-Aplasia – when an entire organ or a part of an organ is missing
-Hypoplasia – inadequate or below-normal number of cells
-Hyperplasia – physiological proliferative increase in number of cells
-Neoplasia – abnormal and uncontolled proliferation
-Dysplasia – change of phenotype (size,shape and organization of tissue)
-Metaplasia – cell type conversion
-Prosoplasia – cell type develops new function
-Desmoplasia – connective tissue growth |
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Term
| What does cancer staging take into account? What are the levels? |
|
Definition
-Cancer staging is essentially a measure of the spread (metastasis) and invasiveness that rates on a scale of 0-IV
-This is the more important factor impacting survival |
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Term
| What does cancer grading take into account? What are the levels and what do they mean? |
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Definition
-It looks at the degree of differentiation of the cell on a scale of Grade I-IV
-Grade I; 75-100% well differentiated
-Grade II; 50-75% well differentiated
-Grade III; 25-50% well differentiated
-Grade IV; 0-25% well differentiated |
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Term
| What are the top four for men for incidence and for death? |
|
Definition
Cancer incidence;
-Prostate
-Lungs
-Colon
-Urinary
Cancer deaths;
-Lung
-Prostate
-Colon
-Leukemia & lymphoma |
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Term
| What are the top four for women for incidence and for death? |
|
Definition
Incidence;
-Breast
-Lung
-Colon
-Uterus
Death;
-Lung
-Breast
-Colon
-Leukemia & lymphoma |
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Term
| What do we see that is typical of a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| -We see keratin production, often with "keratin pearls" |
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Term
| What is typical of desmoplasia in terms of what it looks like and when we see it? |
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Definition
-We see reactive fibrosis of malignant cells producing a hard, off-white lesion (scirrhous
-Usually seen with carcinomas |
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Term
| Differentiate between carcinoma and sarcoma? |
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Definition
-A carcinoma is a malignant epithelial tumor; generally arises from cells originating in the endo/ectoderm
-A sarcoma is malignant tumor that arises from transformed cells of mesenchymal origin (connective) |
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Term
| What is an adenocarcinoma? |
|
Definition
| -Carcinomas that form glandular configurations and are derived from glandular epithelium |
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|
Term
| What is the suffix we use to denote benign tumor? What are some (6) exceptions? In general, how would we modify the terms to make them malignant? |
|
Definition
-oma; like for lipoma, adenoma, etc.
-Common exceptions are carcinoma, sarcoma, blastoma, gliomas, melanoma, and lymphoma which are all typically malignant
-We replace -oma with -ocarcinoma or -osarcoma;
rhabdomyoma-->rhabdomyosarcoma
adenoma-->adenocarcinoma |
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Term
| What terms do we use for benign tumors producing; glandular, squamous, and mesenchymal tissues? |
|
Definition
-Glandular tissue; adenoma
-Squamous tissue; squamous papilloma
-Mesenchymal; (tissue designation) + -oma |
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|
Term
What are benign tumors of;
Glandular
Fibrous
Muscle
(striated)
(smooth)
Adipose
Bone
Cartilage
Skin |
|
Definition
Glandular - adenoma
Fibrous - fibroma
Muscle - myoma
(striated) - rhabdomyoma
(smooth) - leiomyoma
Adipose - lipoma
Bone - osteoma
Cartilage - chondroma
Skin - squamous papilloma (papilla = fingerlike) |
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|
Term
Define;
Mixed tumor?
Teratoma?
Embryonal tumor?
Leukemias?
Lymphoma? |
|
Definition
-Mixed tumor; two morphological patterns derived from the same germ cell
-Teratoma; tumors having cells representing multiple germ layers
-Embryonal tumors; from primitive pluripotent/totipotent cells
-Leukemias; malignant tumors arising from hematopoietic cells from bone marrow
-Lymphoma - malignant solid tumors from lymph tissue |
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Term
| What are common sites for teratomas? |
|
Definition
-Ovaries and testes
-Mediastinum
-Sacrococcygeal region
-Pineal gland (melatonin secretion in brain)
-Overall, it is gonads and midline |
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Term
| What are three malignant tumors without benign counterparts? |
|
Definition
-Leukemia
-Lymphoma
-Glioma |
|
|
Term
| Where do sarcomas most often metastasize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Define the following modifying terms mean;
Papillary
Medullary
Scirrhous
Mucinous
Comedo |
|
Definition
-Papillary; possessing frond-like structures (divided leaf)
-Medullary; soft tumor with brain-like consistency
-Scirrhous; hard tumor from desmoplasia
-Mucinous; tumor producing mucin
-Comedo; refers to necrotic material resembling a comedone or pimple |
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Term
| What are three indicators of malignancy? |
|
Definition
-Metastasis (best)
-Invasion (second best)
-Anaplasia
-Note that the first two dictate staging, while the last one dictates grading |
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Term
| What methods of transport do carcinomas and sarcomas generally prefer? |
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Definition
-Carcinomas use lymph vessels more
-Sarcomas use blood vessels more |
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Term
| What are the most common tumors for the three age groups? |
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Definition
-Children; leukemia, brain
-Young adults; gonadal, lymphomas
-Elderly; carcinoma, prostate, endometrium (uterus) |
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Term
| What are the three mechanisms that turn proto-oncogenes into oncogenes? |
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Definition
-Point mutation
-Translocation
-Amplification (extra copy made)
-Also, remember that the oncogenes are gain of function, while tumor suppressor are loss (and need two hits) |
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Term
| Name four clinically important oncogenes and diseases? |
|
Definition
-c-Abl; Chronic myelogenous leukemia (T 9:22, phili)
-c-Myc; Burkitt's lymphoma (T 8:14)
-n-Myc; Neuroblastoma
-c-Neu; Breast cancer |
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Term
| What is initiation and promotion in terms of the pathogenesis of cancer? What is good at doing each? |
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Definition
-Initiation is the first rapid and irreversible step where the cell function is altered at a genetic level
-Viruses, radiation, and chemicals do it best
-Promotor is the reversible and slower acting encouragement to grow and proliferate
-Drugs, hormones, GFs, and dietary factors do it best |
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Term
| What is paraneoplastic syndrome? |
|
Definition
| -Symptom or disease due to non-local cancer cells |
|
|
Term
What can cause the following paraneoplastic syndromes;
Cushing syndrome
Hypercalcemia
Hypoglycemia
Polycythemia |
|
Definition
Cushing syndrom;
-smal cell lung, pancreatic, & neural tumors
Hypercalcemia;
-squamous lung, breast, renal
Hypoglycemia;
-fibrosarcoma, hepatocellular
Polycythemia;
-Renal, hepatocellular |
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|
Term
What are the following tumor markers indicative of;
-Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
-Alpha-fetoprotien (AFP)
-Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
-Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) |
|
Definition
-CEA; colon and pancreas
-AFP; liver and gonadal
-HCG; Choriocarcinoma (placenta)
-PAP; Prostate |
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Term
| What can aniline dyes cause? What can vinyl chloride cause? What does aflatoxins cause? |
|
Definition
-Bladder cancer
-Angiosarcoma of liver
-Hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
|
Term
What are known chemical carcinogens that cause tumors of;
-Liver (5)
-Lung (5)
-Leukemia (2)
-Bladder (4) |
|
Definition
Liver;
-Thoratrast
-Aflatoxins
-Oral contraceptives
-Vinyl chloride
-Arsenic
Lung
-Asbestos
-Polycyclic hydrocarbons
-Chromium, nickel, cadmium
Leukemia;
-Alkylating agents
-Benzene
Bladder;
-Aniline dyes
-Benzidine
-Cyclophosphamide
-Phenacetin |
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