Term
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Definition
| - Fiber is poorly utilized and much of it is excreted in the ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Energy value of feedstuffs is ____ related to fiber content. |
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Term
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Definition
- Most rations contain ___% fat.
- Horses can handle up to __% of fat. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Added fat might be indicated for ____ performance horses and 'fitting rations' |
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Term
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Definition
| - If a horse is too thin, ___ energy intake; if too fat, ___ energy intake (or increase level of exercise!) |
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Term
1) Corn
2) Oats
3) Barley
4) Milo
5) Forage |
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Definition
| - What are the 5 energy sources in horse feeds? |
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Term
1) Early pregnancy
2) Late pregnancy
3) Lactation |
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Definition
| - What are the 3 stages of mare feeding? |
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Term
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Definition
| - Which of the 3 stages of mare feeding does the mare require the most calorie requirements? |
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Term
1) Cycle earlier in the year.
2) Require fewer cycles per conception.
3) Have a higher pregnancy rate.
4) Are more likely to maintain pregnancies than thin mares. |
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Definition
| - Mares maintained in moderate to fleshy condition have what 4 advantages over poorly conditioned mares? |
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Term
1) Along the neck
2) Along the withers
3) Crease down back
4) Tailhead
5) Ribs
6) Behind the shoulder |
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Definition
| - What 6 areas do you look at on a horse when determining the body condition score? |
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Term
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Definition
| - One unit of BCS = how many lbs? |
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Term
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Definition
| - Optimum body condition of broodmares is ___ to ___ on a 1-9 scale. |
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Term
| Early Gestation (1st 7 months) |
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Definition
- Stage of feeding in a mare where requirements are like maintenance.
- Forage should be prominent component of ration.
- Balance ration still important.
- AVOID OVERFEEDING! |
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Term
| Provide free-choice loose mineral and a salt block. |
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Definition
| - How should you meet the mineral requirements of a mare in early gestation? |
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Term
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Definition
| - During early gestation, mares in poor body condition may require ____ feeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| - For early gestation, you should provide mares with a poor body condition quality concentrate feed at ___% BW. |
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Term
1) Pasture/Hay + Mineral & Salt
2) Pasture/Hay + Balanced Concentrate Feed + Mineral & Salt |
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Definition
| - What are the 2 feeding options for mares during early gestation? |
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Term
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Definition
| - For early gestation, must maintain the body condition of the mare between ___, preferably ___ on a 1-9 scale. |
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Term
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Definition
| - True or False: The fetal growth in the horse is not linear. |
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Term
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Definition
| - At 7 months of pregnancy the fetus is __% birth weight and ___% of mare's weight. |
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Term
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Definition
| - The last ___ months of pregnancy is critical for trace mineral storage in fetal liver (zinc, manganese, iron, copper). |
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Term
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Definition
| - Supplementation of copper in mares in last trimester ____ liver copper in foals by ___ ppm. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Does supplementation of copper of neonatal foals have effect on liver copper? |
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Term
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Definition
| - When a pregnant mare is at months 8-11, the unborn foal is growing at __ lb/day. |
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Term
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Definition
| - In pregnant mares (months 8-11), energy requirements are about ___% greater than early pregnancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| - For pregnant mares (months 8-11), forage may maintain body condition, but will NOT meet ___ and ____ requirements, so need concentrate supplement which is critical for foal growth and development. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Period of rapid foal growth, placing big demands on mare. |
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Term
1) Protein
2) Vitamins
3) Minerals |
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Definition
| - During late gestation you must supplement the mare with what 3 things even if the pasture or hay maintains body condition? |
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Term
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Definition
- Mares produce an average of __ lbs/day (__ gallons) during a 5-month lactation.
- Higher during 1st month and slow decline after 1 month. |
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Term
1) Energy
2) protein
3) Calcium
4) Phosphorus
5) Vitamin A
6) Water |
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Definition
| - A mare in early lactation requires up to 2x the amount of what 6 things? |
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Term
|
Definition
| - Lactating mares need to consume ___% of BW in total feed per day. |
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Term
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Definition
- For lactating mares, amount and type of concentrate will depend on quality of forage:
1) Alfalfa hay = __:__ hay:concentrate
2) lower quality = __:__ hay:concentrate |
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Term
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Definition
| - The __:__ ratio of forage to concentrate is typical in early lactation to meet DE needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Lactating mares also need ___-supplemented rations (higher caloric density). |
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Term
| Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome (MRLS) |
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Definition
- Syndrome observed in central KY (2001) characterized by 2 disease entities:
1) Early Fetal Loss (EFL)
2) Late Fetal Loss (LFL)
- Also seen: pericarditis and severe unilateral uveitis. |
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Term
Eastern Tent Caterpillar;
Ingestion |
|
Definition
| - What causes MRLS and what is the route of transmission? |
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Term
|
Definition
- Disease entity of MRLS: 35-100d bred.
- Clinical signs:
1) asymptomatic
2) Occasionally mild vaginal discharge.
3) Dx via ultrasound, placentitis. |
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Term
|
Definition
- Disease entity of MRLS: last trimester.
- Clinical Signs:
1) Aborted fetus.
2) Weak foal, usually death soon after birth. |
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Term
1) Bacillus thuringiensus based sprays.
2) Black or wild cherry tree elimination.
3) Band other trees.
4) Permethrin grass treatments. |
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Definition
| - What are 4 ways to prevent and control MRLS? |
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Term
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Definition
- For this phase of feeding for a mare you should supplement hay or pasture with nutrient dense, balanced concentrate to provide energy, protein, vitamins and minerals.
- Also maintain body condition 5-7 (critical if re-breeding). |
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Term
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Definition
| - At birth, the foal is __% of mature weight and __% of mature height. |
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Term
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Definition
| - At 6 months, the foal is __% of mature weight, and __% of mature height. |
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Term
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Definition
| - As a horse grows, its calories needs ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Peak milk production is prior to __ months. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Energy and nutrient deficits in the foal occur by ___ months if milk is the only source. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Foals need supplemental feed by __ days of age. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Creep feeding foals may increase the chance of a horse becoming a ____ and that develops other stable vices. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Horse that will suck or bite on the wood. Will stop eating as much b/c filling their stomach full of air and feel like they are not hungry anymore. Also wears their teeth down. Believed to be genetically pre-disposed to this behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
- Condition very common in SE and NW USA.
- Due to Festuca arudinacea, which is cool season, perennial grass. |
|
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Term
| Neotyphodium coenophialum |
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Definition
- More than 1/2 of all Fescue grass shown to be infected with endophytic fungus _______.
- Produces ergopeptine alkaloids - ergovaline - D2 agonist. |
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Term
|
Definition
- Causes agalactia or hypogalactia.
- Low prolactin levels -Dopamine involved in reduction of prolactin production.
- Decreased thyroxine, progestogens, relaxin5.
- Thickened placenta/premature separation, dystocia, prolonged gestation. |
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Term
1) ID fungus from samples via microscope.
2) ELISA for ergopeptines.
3) Lack of mammary development at appropriate time or prolonged gestation.
4) History |
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Definition
| - What are 4 ways to diagnosis Fescue Toxicosis? |
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Term
| Removal by 300 d., fed in stall or on dry lot w/ high quality hay (preferrably legume). |
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Definition
| - How do you control fescue toxicosis? |
|
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Term
1) Close monitoring (higher risk foaling)
2) Doperidone - D2 antagonist - counters hormonal effects of ergovaline.
3) 1.1 mg/kg PO SID 30 days before foaling. |
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Definition
| - What is the treatment for fescue toxicosis? |
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Term
| Individual supplemental feeding |
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Definition
| - Which type of feeding is better for the foal: Group feeding or individual supplemental feeding? |
|
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Term
| 1 lb balanced grain mix per month of age per day. |
|
Definition
| - How much do you supplement a nursing foal? |
|
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Term
| Developmental Orthorpedic Disease (DOD) |
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Definition
| - Disease where you see physitis, osteochondrosis, osteocondritis dissecans, acquired flexural deformity, and angular limb deformity. |
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Term
1) Nutrition
2) Genetics
3) Injury
4) Environment (mechanical stress, lack of exercise)
5) Combinations |
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Definition
| - What are 5 causes of DOD? |
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Term
|
Definition
| - Studies in Central Kentucky suggest that Osteochondrosis in thoroughbreds have a higher incidence in ____ growing weanlings and in ___-conditioned weanlings. |
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Term
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Definition
| - What is the percentage of prevalence of osteocondrosis in thoroughbreds even on best managed farms? |
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Term
| Supplement good quality hay with nutrient dense, balanced concentrate. |
|
Definition
| - What should you feed a foal? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| - What is the Ca:P ratio range for a foal? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
- These diets contain poor quality hay.
- Also contain inadequate protein, minerals, and vitamins. |
|
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Term
| High grain, low roughage diets |
|
Definition
| - These diets contain excess energy and low Ca:P ratio. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| - Risk poor ____ development in the foal due to inadequate protein and minerals. |
|
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Term
1) Slow the growth rate by cutting calories, but not essential nutrients.
2) Restrict exercise until problem resolves. |
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Definition
| - When a foal is rapidly growing and develops signs of DOD, what are 2 things that should be done? |
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Term
|
Definition
| - Feeding for proper development of the foal begins at ___. |
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Term
|
Definition
| - Body condition is important in mares throughout ____ and _____. |
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