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| curve representing the amount of light absorbed at each wavelength |
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| the initial input of energy required to start a reaction |
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| the mechanism by which ions and molecules move against the concentration gradient across a membrane, from one side with the lower concentration to the side with the higher concentration |
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| Agarose gel electrophoresis |
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| technique by which DNA, RNA, or molecules are seperated in a gel subjected to an electric field |
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| reaction in which pyruvate is converted into ethyl alcohol and CO2 in a two step series that also converts NADH into NAD' |
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| specialized control mechanism for enzymes with an allosteric site, a regulatory site outside the active site, that may either slow or accelerate activity depending on the enzyme |
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| type of metabolic pathway in which energy is consumed to build complicated molecules from simpler ones; often called a biosynthetic pathway |
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| an organism that does not require oxygen to live |
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| the primary agent that couples exergonic and endergonic reactions |
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| a membrane-spanning protein complex that couples the energetically favourable transport of protons across a membrane to the synthesis of ATP |
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| all regions of Earth's crust, waters, and atmosphere that sustain life |
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| molecule of yellow orange pigment by which light is absorbed in photosynthesis |
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| type of metabolic pathway in which energy is released by the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler compounds |
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| substance with the ability to accelerate a spontaneous reaction without being changed by the reaction |
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| the process by which energy rich molecules are broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP |
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| 'guide' protein that binds temporarily with new synthesized proteins, direction their conformation toward the correct tertiary structure and inhibiting incorrect arrangements as the new proteins fold |
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| Ability of the cells to use the proton motive force to do work |
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| molecule of green pigment that absorbs photons of light in photosynthesis |
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| the site of photosynthesis in plant cells |
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| series of reactions in which acetyl groups are oxidized completely to carbon dioxide and some ATP molecules are synthesized |
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Definition
| an inorganic or organic nonprotein group that is necessary for catalysis to take place |
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| reaction that occurs when an exergonic reaction is joined to an endergonic reaction, producing an overall reaction that is exergonic |
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| in particular signal transduction pathways, a second messenger that activates protein kinases, which elicit the cellular response by adding phosphate groups to specific target proteins. cAMP functions in one of two major G protein-coupled receptor-response pathways |
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| Cyclic Electron Transport |
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Definition
| an electron transport pathway associated with PS 1 in photosynthesis that produced ATP without the synthesis of NADH |
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Definition
| protein with a heme prosthetic group that contains an iron atom |
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| reactions that absorb energy |
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| potential energy in a system |
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| disorder, in thermodynamics |
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| protein that accelerates the rate of a cellular reaction |
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| reaction that has a negative ΔG because it releases free energy |
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| processes that release energy |
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Definition
| one of two components of a neutral lipid, containing a single hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group linked at one end |
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Definition
| in enzyme reactions, regulation in which the product of a reaction acts as a regulator of the reaction. |
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| process in which electrons carried by NADH are transferred to an organic acceptor molecule rather than to the electron transport system |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy can be transferred and trandformed but cannot be created or destroyed |
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Definition
| the energy in a system that is available to do work |
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| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| synthesis of ATP in which ATP synthase uses an H+ gradient built by the electron transfer system as the energy source to make ATP |
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Definition
| the transport of substances across cell membranes without expenditure of energy, as in diffusion |
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Definition
| the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule |
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| a photosynthetic organism that uses light as its energy source and carbon dioxide as its carbon source |
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Definition
| a molecule that can absorb photons of light |
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| enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from ATP to one or more sites on particular proteins |
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Definition
| the addition of electrons to a substance |
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| an enzyme that catalyzes the key reaction of the Calvin Cycle, carbon fixation, in which CO2 combines with RuBP to form 3-phosphoglycerate |
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| technique in which labelled probes are used to detect specific DNA fragments that have been separated by gel electrophoresis |
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| organism in which fermentation is the only source of ATP |
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Term
| Substrate-Level Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| an enzyme-catalyzed reactiont that transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP |
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| being the first or earliest of the kind or in existance |
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| a molecule composed of two identical simpler molecules |
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| light is converted into electrical signals |
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| Can you ever use an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction? |
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Definition
| No, this reaction is just exergonic |
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Term
| When you phosphorylate something, do you make it more or less reactive? |
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Definition
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| Describe a situation in which an endergonic reaction would occur in a cell |
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Definition
| Endergonic reactions do not occur in cells *troll face* |
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| In what step of cellular respiration are all the carbons from pyruvate lost? |
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Definition
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| What are the three structural component of ATP? |
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Definition
- ribose sugar
- adenine nucleotide
- 3 phosphate groups |
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| Where is the Calvin Cycle in photosynthetic bacteria? |
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Definition
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| How many reductions of CO2 make one G3P? |
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Definition
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| What type or organism does almost half of all photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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| There is more photosynthesis near the poles because there are more nutrients like iron available to photosynthetic organisms. Explain why a photosynthetic organism would need iron. |
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Definition
| Iron is located in heme groups, which are found in some cofactors that take place in photosynthetic pathways |
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| What are the three ways the hydrogen gradient is produced during photosynthesis? |
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Definition
- protons into the lumen by the plastoquinone
- oxidation of water
- removal of a proton from the stroma for each NADPH synthesized |
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Definition
| a protein that requires a cofactor |
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Term
| Constitutive Gene Expression |
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Definition
| a gene that is always expressed ---> housekeeping proteins |
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