Fungi

Examples: mushrooms/toadstools, yeasts, truffles, morels, moulds and linchens

• Saprotrophic
• Rigid cell wall made of chitin
• Single celled to large multicellular organisms
• Terristrial
• Sessile

--> reproduce via spores

--> filamentous hyphae (main body of fungus) form a mass called mycelium which secretes digestive enzymes

--> absorb broken down product 

Protista/Protoctista

'plant-like' protists -> algae

'animal-like' protists -> protozoa

• Don't fit easily into other kingdoms
• unicellular or simple multicellular
• widespread in aquatic or moist environments

Algae -> autrophic -> chlorophyll present

Protozoa -> heterotrophic -> lack cell walls

Plantae

• multicellular organisms
• contain chlorophyll -> photosynthetic
• subdivided into 2 major divisions Bryophytes (non-vascular) and Tracheophytes (vascular)

Non-Vascular Plants

Phylum: Bryophyta

Example: mosses, liverworts and hornworts

• Non-vascular -> lacking transport tissues (no xylem or phloem)
• Small and restricted to moist, terrestrial environments
• No 'true' roots, stems or leaves

• Vascular -> possess transport tissues
• 'true' roots, stems, leaves and stomata
• reproduce via spores (not seeds)
• clearly defined alternation of sporophyte and gametophyte generations

Ferns

Phylum Filicinophyta

--> large dividing leaves (fronds)

--> reproduce via spores

--> adventitious roots 

 Gymnospersms

--> lack enclosed chambers in which seeds develop

--> produce seeds in cones which are exposed to the environment

Spermatophyta

--> seed plants

--> produce seeds housing an embryo

Angiospermophyta

(flowering plants)

--> seeds in specialised reproductive structures called flowers

--> female reproductive ovary develops into a fruit

-->pollination via wind or animals

Class: Monocotylendons

(one cotylendon)

--> parts of flowers occur in multiples of 3

--> leaves have paraelle veins

--> seeds contain an embyro with one leaf (cotylendon)

Class: Dicotyeldons

(2 cotyeldons)

--> leaves have branching veins

--> parts of flowers occur in multiples of 4 or 5

--> possible to have secondary growth (herbaceous or woody)

--> seeds contain embryo with 2 leaves (cotyeldons)

Monera

(prokayrotae)

--> prokaryotic cells

--> reproduce wia binary fission (asexual)

--> can form filaments or colonies

--> 2 types of prokyarotes; eubacteria, archaebacteria

Archaebacteria

--> live in environments where true bacteria do not grow

--> thrive in harsh, anaerobic conditions (absence of oxygen)

--> archaebacteria

--> thrive at 85^oC

--> produces methane and oxygen by converting CO₂ and H₂

CO₂ + H₂ à CH₄ + O₂

Thermoacidophiles

--> hot springs (temperatures of >100^oC)

--> acidic environments (pH 2)

Animalia

--> multicellular; eukaryotic

--> heterotrophic

--> lack cell walls

--> specialised sense organs

--> motile

--> reproduce via sexual reproduction

--> sessile, planktonic, colonial forms

--> mostly freshwater

--> reproduce via cyclic parthenogenesis

--> 'wheel of cilia', large muscular pharynx (mastax), foot with 'sticky' toes

Portifera

eg. sponges

--> Animalia

--> lack organs

--> lack a nervous system

--> all aquatic (mostly marine)

--> asexual reproduction via budding

Cnidaria

--> all aquatic

--> 2 body forms; medusa (umbrella shaped and free swimming by pulsating bell), polyp (cylindrical, some sessile, others glides using tentacles as legs)

--> some species alternate body forms during life cycle

Plathyelminthes

--> flattened; unsegmented body

--> mouth but no anus

--> many are parasitic

eg. tapeworms, planarians, flukes

--> tiny; unsegmented roundworms

--> many are plant/animal parasites

eg. hookworms, stomach worms, lung worms, filarial worms

--> cylindrical; segmented bodies with chaetae (bristles)

--> move using hydrostatic skeleton and or parapodia (appendages)

eg. earthworms, leeches, polychaetes

--> soft bodied; unsegmented

--> body comprises head, muscular foot and visceral mass (organs)

--> most have radula

--> aquatic/terrestrial species 

eg. snails, mussels, squid

--> exoskeleton made of chitin

--> grow in stages after moulting

--> jointed appendages

--> segmented bodies

--> heart found on dorsal side of body

--> open circulation sytem

--> most have compound eyes

--> mostly marine

--> exoskeleton impregnated with mineral salts

--> gills often present

eg. lobsters, crabs, barnacles, prawns etc

--> almost all are terrestrial

--> 2 body parts: cephalothorax and abdomen

eg. spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites

--> mostly terrestrial

--> most capable of flight

--> 3 body parts: head, thorax, abdomen

eg. locusts, dragonflies, cockaroaches etc

Class: Diplopoda

(myriapods)

--> millipedes

--> terrestrial

--> rounded bodies

--> eat dead or living plants

Class: Chilopoda

(myriapods)

--> centipedes

--> terrestrial

--> flattened body

--> poison claws for catching prey

--> feed on insects, worms and snails

--> rigid body wall; internal skeleton made of calcareous plates

--> many possess spines

--> ventral mouth; dorsal anus

--> external fertilisation

--> unsegmented; marine organisms

--> tube feet for locomotion

--> water vascular system

--> dorsal notochord (flexible supporting rod) present at some stage in life history

--> post anal tail present at some stage in development

--> dorsal; tubular nerve cord

--> pharyngeal slits present

--> circulation system closed in most

--> heart positioned on ventral side

Sub-Phylum: Craniata

(vertebrates)

--> internal skeleton of cartilage or bone

--> well developed nervous system

-->vertebral column replaces notochord

--> two pairs of appendages (fins or limbs) attached to girdles

Class: Chondrichthyes

(cartilaginous fish)

--> skeleton of cartilage (not bone)

--> no swim bladder

--> all aquatic (mostly marine)

eg. sharks, rays, skates

Class: Osteichthyes

(bony fish)

--> skeleton of bones

--> swin bladder present

--> all aquatic (marine and freshwater)

Class: Amphibia

(amphibians)

--> lungs in adults, juveniles may have gills (retained in some adults)

--> gas exchange also through skin

--> aquatic and terrestrial (limited to moist environments)

eg. frogs, toads

Class: Reptillia

(reptiles)

--> ectotherms with no larval stages

--> teeth all same type

--> eggs with soft leathery shell

--> mostly terrestrial

eg. snakes, lizards, turtles

Class: Aves

(birds)

--> terrestiral endotherms

--> eggs with hard, calcareous shell

--> strong, light skeleton

--> high metabolic rate

--> gas exchange assissted by air sacs

Class: Mammila

(mammals)

--> endotherms with hair or fur

--> mammary glands produce milk

--> glandular skin with hair or fur

--> external ear present

--> teeth are of different types

--> diaphragm between thorax/abdomen