1. What is an independent (test) variable?

2.  What is a dependent (outcome) variable?

1.The one thing that the experimentor made different.

2.  What is being measured in the experiment.

Example 

[image]

Replication = another scientist doing the same experiment

Repetition = multiple trials 

Sample

[image]

To make sure results are accurate and accepted by others.

sample

 [image]

Scientific models, simulators, and observations are the best methods because they allow you to see things that you nomally can't. 

Sample

[image]

• Benefits - you can see things in 3D and you can make them larger than normal.

• Limitations - some things aren't to scale & don't show movement

Sample

[image]

With new evidence, new technology, new information, or new research.

sample

Over a hundred years ago, John Dalton proposed a model of the atom. In his model, the atom was a solid sphere. Scientific models of atoms have changed many times since Dalton’s original model. What is the best explanation for these changes to the atom’s model? 

A. Modern society demands more accuracy in science. 

B. Computer-generated art increases scientists’ artistic skills. 

♦C. New information allows scientists to modify earlier ideas. 

D. Scientists are more open to changing ideas than in the past

A theory is a well supported and widely accepted explanation of how something works.

A law is a well tested description of what happens in nature.

Sample

Why is the concept of universal gravitation considered by scientists to be a law and not a theory?

A. It began as a theory, but as evidence for it mounted it became a law.
B. It was described very early in the history of science, before theories were developed.
C. It is so widely accepted that it would be unwise not to go along with it.
[image]D.It provides a description of a natural event, not an explanation of the event, so it is considered a law. 

With new information or evidence.

(They are rarely thrown out)

Sample

[image]

Universe (largest)

Galaxy

Solar system

Sun

Planets

Dwarf Planets

Moons

comets (Smallest)

sample

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between astronomical bodies in outer space?

A. Mars is larger than Earth.
B. The Milky Way is much larger than our Solar System
C. The Moon is further away from the Sun than the asteroid belt
D. The orbits of planets are greater than the orbits of the satellites

apparent magnitude - how bright a stars seems in sky because of the distance from Earth.

temperature - determined by the color of the star

size - based on the radius

absolute brightness - the amount of light the star gives off

_sample

One physical property of a star is apparent magnitude. Which of the following is used in determining the apparent magnitude of a star? 

A. the constellation the star is in 

B. the distance the star is from Earth 

C. the number of times the star rotates 

D. the number of prominences the star makes  

sunspots - lower temperature darker areas

prominences - loops of gases 

solar flares - explosions of gas 

the sun rotates (each layers moves at different speeds)

_sample 

Cara is building a model of the solar system, which includes a written description of the Sun. In order for her model to be realistic, which of the following should she include in her representation of the Sun?

A. She should show that sunspots can be seen as white areas on the Sun's surface.
B. She should explain that the Sun is made up of gaseous layers that surround an iron core.
C. She should show that the Sun revolves around the planets, determining the length of year.
D. She should explain that the Sun rotates, even though different parts rotate at different rates.

Geocentric model = Earth in the center of solar system

Heliocentric model = the sun in the center of solar sytem

 _Sample

[image]

The bigger the mass the more gravity.  Also objects that are closer have more gravitational effect on each other. 

_Sample

Jupiter is the largest planet in our Solar System: it has as much mass as about 300 Earths! Venus is only slightly smaller than Earth and has about the same about of mass as the Earth. How would Jupiter's gravity compare to that of Venus?

1. Venus is closer to the Sun, so Venus has more gravity than Jupiter.
2. Jupiter is more massive than Venus, so Jupiter has more gravity. [image]
3. Venus is more compact than Jupiter, so Venus has more gravity.
4. Jupiter is farther from the Sun than Venus, so Jupiter has more gravity.

The moon's (& the Sun's) gravitational pull. Also if they are in a straight line, it causes Spring tides

_{Sample question}

Charlotte's class is learning about the movements of Earth, the Sun, and the Moon. They discover that different phenomena result when the relative positions of Earth, the Sun, and the Moon change. Which of the following happens when the Sun, the Moon, and Earth are lined up in a straight line?

A.Seasons on Earth last longer than normal.

B. The shape of Earth's orbit around the Sun changes.
C. Earth experiences higher high tides and lower low tides.
D. Gravity from both Earth and the Sun prevents the Moon from rotating.