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     A. Anterior (ventral) - Posterior (dorsal)

     B. Superior (cranial) - Inferior (caudal)

     C. Medial - Lateral

     D. External - Internal (outer to inner, even outer organ to inner)

     E. Superficial - Deep (skin layers)

     F. Proximal - Distal

     G. Palmar (volar) - Dorsal (specifically for the hand)

     H. Plantar - Dorsal (specifically for the feet)

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    A. Median (through the midline)

     B. Longitudinal, Sagittal/ Parasagittal, Paramedian (parallel to midline plane)

     C. Frontal, Coronal (anterior and posterior)

     D. Transverse (cross section)

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     A. Flexion - Extension (elbow bent and straight)

     B. Abduction - Adduction (ab move up and ad down)

     C. Supination - Pronation (back and stomach)

     D. Rotation (joints)

     E. Circumduction (whole circles with body part)

     A. Surface Anatomy – palpation, dermatomes

     B. Osteology – bones, joints, ligaments

     C. Muscles – action (origin, insertion), innervation, blood supply

     D. Organs – if present

     E. Innervation – sensory, motor, autonomic

     F. Blood Supply – arteries, veins, lymphatics

     G. Clinical Considerations

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

  1. brain (12 cranial nerves)

  2. spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  1. spinal nerves (31 pairs)

  2. branches (rami)

      a. dorsal rami (back)

      b. ventral rami

          1. thorax

          2. abdomen

          3. extremities

Sensory Input

  1. Special sensation

  2. General sensation

Integration

Motor Output

  1. Voluntary motor

  2. Involuntary motor (autonomic)

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Definition: Conducting or conducted inward or toward something (for nerves, the central nervous system; for blood vessels, the organ supplied).

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Sensory Input (afferents)

  1. special senses

     a. vision

     b. hearing

     c. taste

     d. olfaction

  2. general senses

     a. pressure

     b. temperature

     c. pain

  3. pathways

     a. peripheral receptors

     b. one axon from receptor to CNS

     c. cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion

     d. enter CNS through cranial nerves or dorsal roots of spinal cord

Definition: Conducted or conducting outward or away from something (for nerves, the central nervous system; for blood vessels, the organ supplied).

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1. voluntary motor - skeletal muscle

  a. one axon from CNS to target site

  b. exits CNS through cranial nerves or ventral roots of spinal cord

2. involuntary (autonomic) - smooth and cardiac muscle

  a. usually two axon chain from CNS to target site (ganglion)

  b. exits CNS through cranial nerves or ventral roots of spinal cord

  c. two subdivisions

     1. parasympathetic (cranial – sacral)

        a. arise from brain stem and sacral region

        b. long preganglionic / short postganglionic

     2. sympathetic (thoracic – lumbar)

        a. arise from thoracic and lumbar region.

        b. short preganglionic / long postganglionic

Pregang from CNS and postgang from PNS [image]

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SLUDD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion and defecation)

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ANSWER:

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Posterior-Anterior View (PA)

The X-ray beam enters the patient from posterior to anterior.

This means the anterior structures are normal size while the posterior structures are magnified.

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