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founder of Song Dynasty
Revolutionized Song (civil values before martial)
Reunited China after rebellion after Tang
Expansion of the exam system -> more people we recruited
created academies that allowed freedom of discussion and thought (facilitated scientific advance, economic reforms and achievements in arts and literature |
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Chancellor for the Song dynasty
opposed the existing system (reformer)
founded the era of reforms (many people, including Sima Guans opposed him)
increased agricultural yields
increase local defense
limited merchants freedoms
changes in the entrance exam |
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→ Taking over a territory because of prior ownership (whether claim is false or true)
i. Similar culture/ethnicity
→ Occurred many times in the Far East Asian history
→ Example: Liao took over 16 Prefectures and Parhae
→ Example: Mongols → with the Chinese, Koreans, Eurasians in general (failed with the Japanese) → proves that the Mongols can adopt quickly
connect to Yuan |
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→ 10th to 12th century
→ Founder was Abaoji of the Yelü clan (d. 926)
→ Khitan
→ Annexed Parhae
→ Had own traditions (women’s boots)
→ Maintained dual administration
i. North (Parchae): continued previous practices
ii. South (Chinese): adopted examination system |
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→ 12th century to 13th century
→ Founded by Wanyan clan (Aguda)
i. Jurchen
→ Defeated Liao (early 12th century), conquered northern China but failed to conquer the south (mid 12th century)
→ One administration system (instead of two) → Chinese system
i. Also incorporated a lot of Jurchen traditions
ii. Really integrated themselves into the Chinese culture → married Hans as well
→ Mongols took over Jin (13th century) |
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→ Tangut emperor (self-proclaimed) – mid 11th century
→ War with Song until peace treaty (mid 11th century)
→ Developed own writing system
→ At war with Liao (treaties as well) |
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| Medieval economic revolution |
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Definition
→ During the Song Dynasty (12th century)
→ Intensification of trade → internal trade as well as international trade (ships etc)
→ Surge in population
→ Song ahead of most culture, age of change
o 1/3 of the world population
o Revolutionary (commerce and agriculture)
→ Chinese technology traveled to Europe (via Mongols)
o Gunpowder, printing, compass (sea faring), fireworks (military)
o Development of commerce, printed books (started in Tang) but took off in Song → spread of knowledge
→ Made China an economic power despite its military inferiority (in comparison to its neighbours) |
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→ Developed art (calligraphy, painting), traveled, collected antiquity
→ Became increasingly harder to pass the examination (the number of posts remained the same but more people applied)
→ A class unto itself
o Went through highly competitive examinations
o Larger, better educated and less aristocratic (than Tang)
connect to Confucianism's influence on government policies |
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→ Highest degree (presented scholars)
→ Scholar-official class
→ Pass the examination → highly competitive, despite the increase in the number of positions
→ Often from merchant families
o Not satisfied, being a scholar is more prestigious
→ Prestigious and influenced by Confucianism (because of the exam) |
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→ Aftermath of Neo-Confucianism
→ Decline of women’s rights/freedoms
→ N-C
Unique to China, it was a practice that began and spread during the Song; the practice was associated with the pleasure quarters and with women’s efforts to beautify themselves. Mothers bound girls’ feet aged 5 to 8 in order to bend the four smaller toes under, making the foot narrow and arched—feet like this were considered beautiful. The custom was largely an elite practice, but is significant because in later eras, it spread to all classes in more areas of China. Furthermore, it is historically seen as a trend that marked the deterioration of women’s status and situations in China. |
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→ Influential Chinese intellectual (comparable to Confucius)
→ Changed the curriculum for the civil examination (four books instead of the 5 classics)
→ Neo-Confucianism
o Was never an official, remained poor
o State adopted it (removed Buddhism which was criticized)
→ “Conversation with His Disciples”
o Practical ritual |
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→ Core curriculum for the examination
→ Selected by Zhu Xi, replace the 5 classics
o Doctrine of the Mean
o Great Learning
o Analects
o Mencius
→ Since all government officials need to pass the civil exam, this means that all of them are very familiar with these Confucian texts
o All laws and regulations (policies) made by the government were all heavily influenced by Confucianism → influenced the daily lives of commoners |
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→ First appeared in late Koryo (13th century)
→ Part of traditional ruling class in Korea
o Owned slaves
→ Made up large part of the government
o Educated in Buddhist and Confucian studies
o Equivalent of Song’s scholarly-official class
• Koryo also had examination system (introduced by Wang Kon)
→ Two divisions
o Mumban: literary, scholarly rank (resented Muban)
o Muban: martial rank
→ The yangban were significant in that they influenced emperor-aristocrat relations in Korea for centuries, and their altering status reflected the influence of the ever-changing conditions of foreign relations, political rule and education in Korea. |
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→ From a merchant family (wealth from trading with China), military back ground
o Military commander before Taejo (King)
→ Ruler (1st) during aristocratic rule
o Alliance of strong clans (married many daughters of important clans)
o Local administration but had a centralized army
o Adapted Chinese government
• Examination system and private schools (mid 10th century) → officials were appointed by government from clans
• Couldn’t exactly replicate: in Song China, old families were wiped out but in Koryo old families remained
→ Overthrows central Korea (918)
o All other “kingdoms” were condemned except Silla (Silla king surrendered)
→ “The good, the bad and the ugly” (article)
o The 3 founders of Koryo (Dynasty)
• Wang Kon being the “good” and the one who finally establishes the dynasty
→ Made Ten Injunctions
o Injunction number 4: establish identity, |
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Controlled the military government in Koryo Korea from 1196 when they took control by way of a coup, executing the former ruler and installing their own puppet, until 1258. They were not kings themselves, they controlled the rulers, deposing them if they did not cooperate. They completely restructured the government, setting up their own headquarters, personal guard and tax collection agency. The way they controlled Korea despite the existence of a formal monarch is similar to the Kamakara regime in Japan.
→ During military rule
→ Many revolts and some scholarly-officials (yangban) refused to serve the Ch’oe
→ Hereditary; succeeded by heirs for several decades
→ Mongols appeared in the northern borders during Ch’oe rule |
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→ Maintained good diplomatic relations with its neighbours
o Cautious in regards to trading partners
• Debate on choosing to trade with either Song or Liao
→ 918-1170 (early 10th century – late 12th century)
o Aristocratic rule
o Early 11th century → became a tributary state of the Liao after more than a century’s struggle)
o Early 12th century → teamed up with Jin and pushed the Khitans (Liao) out of Koryo (established tributary relations with Jin)
o Military came into power → ousted Yi family
→ 1170-1270 (late 12th century – late 13th century)
o Military rule (Choen family)
o Social unrest
o Start of Mongol invasions
o Fall of Choen family allowed peace with Mongols
→ 1270-1392 (late 13th century – late 14th century)
o Mongol Domination
o Yuan court establish Korean kings as “son-in-laws”
o Part of cosmopolitan empire (included many cultures/ethnicities)
o Introduction of Neo-Confucianism to Korea
o Late 12th century → Korea was the base for Mongol invasions of Japan |
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→ History of the Three Kingdoms
→ Symbolized writing advancements in Koryo
→ Borrowed Chinese format (Sima Guang’s Records of the Grand Historian)
→ Earliest extant history of Korea (previous texts–used to compile this text–were destroyed)
→ Theme: despite Koreans were divided into 3 kingdoms, they all make up one nation
→ Emphasized on Silla: justified conquest of Parhae etc
→ Heavily influenced by Confucian values
o Praise good; blame evil (cautionary tales?)
o But still justified original Korean customs (marrying close relatives) that are not supported by Confucianism
o Criticized Chinese stories of self-mutilation etc |
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→ One of the two competing clans for power
o Taira came out on top (in the beginning)–mid 12th century
• Bushi (warriors) clustered around clans (Taira and Minamoto)
• Rewarded for their favours
→ Intervened with court affaires
o Assumed all court ranks and offices
• Fujiwara retained their title and position (lost power to Taira) → performed only in ceremonial roles
→ Eventually settled in Heian, away from its military bases in provinces |
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→ Family got wiped out by the Taira
→ Clans rallied around Yorimoto (to defeat Taira)
o Challenged Taira (late 12th century)
o Victory in a few years
→ Pronounced Kamakura shogun (late 12th century)
o Killed child emperor Antoku
→ Expanded the warrior class → took upon himself to regulate laws (settle disputes etc) → claimed sole right to raise armies
o Military regime
→ Created a new class, jito, to help him micromanage the whole country → became the back bone of his military |
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The Kamakura Shogunate was a military dictatorship in Japan headed by shoguns (1185-1333) that was based in Kamakura. From 1203 onwards, the family of the first Shogun Yorimoto’s wife, the Hojo clan, had total control over the nation with the title Regent (Shikken), setting up a Hojo family court that discussed and made the most important decisions. Under the Kamakura shogunate, the Mongols (under Kublai Khan) invaded Japan but the Japanese defeated them, with the help of typhoons (kamikaze).
→ Yorimoto pronounced shogun (late 12th century)
o Military dictatorship
o Based in Kamakura
→ Yorimoto’s wife’s family (Hojo) took over after his death
→ Main functions:
o Rewarded Minamoto vassals
o Handled distribution of spoils
o Dealt with disputes/maintained order
o Ensured tax flow to government
→ Instituted offices of shugo and jito (provincial and estate military protectors/stewards, respectively)
→ Contrast against 1st half of 12th century:
o Shoen system declined (freed by jito from government interference)
o Agriculture increased → commerce, markets developed (Chinese were in circulation but weren’t used to buy goods; they had value in itself since there was no minting) |
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→ Appointed by shogun
o Chosen from shogun’s vassals
→ Managed manors and national holds of the provincial governor
→ Handled taxation and administration of these manors (and the land that belongs to these manors)
→ Caused the decline of the shoen system
o Cut off the direct connection between smaller land (farmers) owners and the government |
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→ Rise and fall of Taira
o Struggle between Taira (Heike) and Minamoto (Genji)
→ Samurai epic focusing on warrior culture
played an important role in shaping ethics and values (personal loyalty to the lord, extreme self-control, honourable death)
very important culturally |
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| The first leader of the Mongols that conquered most of Asia in the late 10th and early 11th century. He came from a tribe that was not particularly advanced or numerous, his leadership was one of the main factor in the success of the Mongols; under his rule they were transformed from a simple nomadic tribe to a massive empire. He was very ruthless in battle, sometimes destroying cities and killing everyone inside. This tactic was very effective at creating fear in his enemies, leading many to surrender without a fight. He also created a written Mongol language and legal code. His empire was split in 4 after his death, these for empires lasted for another 100 years, having a major impact on East Asia. |
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→ Grandson of Chiggis
→ Governor of N. China → faced with conflicting interests (governing China the Chinese way vs. pleasing the Mongolian base)
o Chinese style institutions with Mongolian nobles installed as governors (central bureaucracy)
o Collect taxes and regulated labour services
• Differs from previous method → turning all conquered lands (often were for agriculture) into grazing lands
o Hereditary occupational categories
o Divided people in to 4 groups
• Mongols, N Chinese, S Chinese, and “various people” (Europeans etc)
Yuan dynasty and its effects on Ming
ruled chinese the chinese way (many chinese literati like Zhao Mengfu) |
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→ Established by Khubilai
o Mongolian dynasty
o Took over Song dynasty (mid 13th century)
→ Reunified China
o Beijing was the capital
→ Limited civil service exams reinstated in early 14th century
→ Educated Chinese adopt other professions
o Chinese nobility were not allowed to be involved in government → free to pursue arts and literature
• Painting no longer sponsored by courts
• Great advances in opera and theatre (entertainment for emperor and wealthy family)
→ Heavily influenced Ming
o Emperors were more military-like → hunting excursions, campaigns
o Women’s dowries etc |
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Term used to describe how Chinngis Khan assimilated the northern nomadic tribes-such as the Merkits and Keraits-so that they identified as Mongols. He did this by dividing the tribes, dispersing its members to different places, to destroy their group identity. The purpose was to prevent conquered groups from revolting or being disobedient. This was fairly successful, leaving Chinngis with a large group of Mongols under his control rather than an assortment of different peoples; making it easier for him to control them and continue his conquest.
→ Unification of the northern nomadic tribes by Chinggis (early 13th century)
o “Secret History of the Mongols” (early 12th century) → tales of Chinggis’s conquers
→ Unification:
o Conquer and distribute (destroy group identity) → prevent newly conquered groups from revolting → easy control therefore faster conquests → very successful conquered most of Eurasia |
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→ Scholar, painter, and calligrapher of Southern Song during the time of the Mongol invasion
→ Decided to serve the Mongols (Khubilai)
o Recruit southern literati to work for the Mongols
→ Favoured by Khubilai and took advantage of that
o Argued for better treatment of officials → literati should be exempt from corporal punishment
o Influenced the Mongol government in many ways → led them to rule China in a more Chinese way
→ Revolutionized painting
o Influenced modern Chinese painting
made yuan more relatable (for a future chinese dynasty, Ming) |
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→ Part of the Kemmu Restoration
o Go-Daigo tried to restore power to (his own) imperial family but fail and was exiled
o Ashikaga brought him back, but was then push away again
→ Promoted to shogun (mid 14th century) → Muromachi shogunate
o In midst of the existence of two courts (N and S)
o Accepted as the strongest out of the clans
→ Assigned more power to shugo (provincial governors), shugo took over responsibilities of the jito as well → decentralization → further erosion of the shoen system
→ Trade relationship reestablished with Ming China (tributary)
o Brought in a lot of revenue |
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→ “Low topple mighty”
→ Phenomenon that occurred during the Sengoku Period (Warring States) (mid/late 15th century)
→ Vassals betrayed their lords (many rebellions)
o Unstable society, fluidity
→ Started at the end of the Muromachi shogunate |
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→ Powerful rulers (shugo → daimyo) during the Sengoku Period (mid 15th to mid 16th century)
→ Efficient way of governing (collect taxes properly because their domains are restricted to what they can effective control) → dissolution of shoen
→ Sovereign within their domain
o Distributed vassals in terms of village units (tax quota)
→ Organized country via daimyos (distributed land ownership via survey)
→ Step towards unification of Japan (conscious) |
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→ 2nd of the 3 unifiers
→ Implemented different (more effective) measures to unify Japan (ex: held relative hostage)
→ Other initiatives:
o Minted coins
o Banned Christianity
o Daimyos → survey/ownership
o Imperial regent
o Organized own succession
→ Invaded Korea
o Initially wanted to invade China
o Wanted passage through Korea (denied → died) |
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→ Founder of Ming Dynasty (14th century), born from a peasant family
o Mandate of Heaven
o Situation before take over:
• Famine, plague, problem with Grand Canal, revolts etc
→ Allowed only tributary trading (no private trading)
o Heavily relied on agriculture
→ Registered population
→ Redistributed land
o Came from a poor family → better treatment of farmers (gave them land)
→ Redistributed military
o So military leaders wouldn’t have too much power
→ Introduced paper money |
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→ Zhu Di funded his travels (and ship building)
o Naval supremacy:
• Massive ships
• Technological marvels (advancements)
→ Brought back many things from his travels → proclaimed a hero
→ Established Chinese presence → international relationships
→ After the death of Zheng He, China became isolated from the world
o Emperor dismantled the navy and destroyed Zheng He’s logbooks |
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→ Zhu Di continued the building of the Great Wall (started in Han) → mid 15th century
→ Protection from the Mongol attacks
o Emperor was kidnapped
→ Marks architectural advancement of era |
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→ Neo-Confucian philosopher (late 15th to early 16th century)
→ Intuitive knowledge
o Knows good and evil naturally (not rational)
o Influenced Japanese samurai thinking |
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→ Late Ming Dynasty
o Cult of “qing” → lighter, less serious
→ Wrote in vernacular (casual) language
o Breaking orthodox patterns
→ Transition between oral literature to written literature (with help from proliferation of printing press)
→ Water Margin, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Journey to the West, Plum in the Gold Vase |
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→ Military hero
→ Along with Ming, the admiral’s ships fought back in the Japanese invasions → prevented the Japanese from conquering Korea
→ His ships showed technological advancements of the era
o Ironclad boats, never seen before |
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→ Established Choson Dynasty (late 14th century) → long lasting
→ Claimed Mandate of Heaven → peaceful transition
→ Land-reforms → confiscates land from Buddhism temples (but not anti-Buddhist) → lessens influence of Buddhism |
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→ Script separate from the Chinese
o Phonetic to Korean
→ Alphabet to instruct everyone and not just the elite → more people became literate
→ King Sejong commissioned the development of it
o Mid 15th century → wasn’t wide spread until the 20th century |
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