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| Calvin was a Swiss Protestant leader and reformer whose ideas informed the religious doctrines of the Pilgrims and Puritans who later migrated to AmericaPr |
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| Cabot was the seafarer whose explorations of Newfoundland and northeast North America in 1497 and 1498 established England's claim to New World territory. |
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| Cortes was the Spanish conquistador who subdued Mexico and the Aztec empire. |
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| Under the encomienda system, Spanish monarchs rewarded New World conquistadores by giving them control of Indian lands, villages, and labor. Conquistadores were supposed to protect the Indians, but more often exploited them. |
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| Gilbert was an English courtier whose interest in a Northwest Passage through North America to the Orient led him to an unsuccessful attempt to found an English colony in Newfoundland in the early 1580s. Gilbert was lost at sea on the return voyage. |
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| Hakluyt was a proponent of English colonization in the New World. He tried to convince Queen Elizabeth I to aid the establishment of colonies, arguing that they would have important strategic and economic benefits for England. |
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| The Protestant Reformation was a sixteenth-century effort to reform and challenge the authority of the Roman Catholic Church. It tended to promote nationalism and the fortunes of the business classes in Europe. |
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| The Treaty of Tordesillas was negotiated between Spain and Portugal in 1494. Portugal agreed to concentrate its activities in Africa and the East, leaving New World exploration and settlement (except for Brazil) to Spain. |
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| Bradford was the governor of Pilgrim Separatists at Plymouth Plantation. He wrote a history of the colony in "Of Plymouth Plantation." |
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| The House of Burgesses was established in Virginia in 1619 as an advisory body to the colony's governors. It was the seed of the system of representative government in English America. |
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Hooker, a dissatisfied Massachusetts Bay Puritan%2Proxy-Connection: keep-alive
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led a company of followers to found a colony at Har |
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| Hutchinson was a Massachusetts Bay Puritan who was banished for criticizing the colony's ministers and magistrates and for her adherence |
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| The London (Virginia) Company was a joint-stock company chartered in 1606 that was responsible for founding the first permanent English settlement in America: J |
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| The London Company was a joint-stock company chartered in 1606 which, after renaming itself the Virginia Company, was responsible for founding the first permanent English settlement in America: J |
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| The Mayflower Compact (1620) was an agreement among the Pilgrims of Plymouth Plantation to establish a body politic and obey the rules of |
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| Oglethorpe was a founding trustee of the Georgia colony in 1733. He hoped to make Georgia a reformed society free from slavery, strong drin |
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| Penn was the Quaker proprietor of Pennsylvania who offered his colony as a refuge for persecuted Quakers. He treated Indians and his colonists fairly, and his well-advertised colony became the most economicall |
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| Smith was a soldier of fortune who supplied the early Jamestown settlement with leadership, without which the col |
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| Williams was a Puritan minister who was banished from Massachusetts Bay for his heretical ideas of extreme Separatism and separation of church and state, as well as for his insistence that land be purchased, rather than e |
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| Winthrop, a lawyer, served for over twenty years as the elected governor of the Purita |
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| Andros was the governor of the Dominion of New England. When appointed by James II in 1686, he set about abolishing the Massachusetts assembly and enforcing religious toleration. He was deposed in the wake of the England% |
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| Bacon's Rebellion Nathaniel Bacon led an armed rebellion against the royal governor of Virginia, Sir William Berkeley, in 1676. Berkeley's political favoritism, economic exploitation, and India |
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| Nathaniel Bacon led an armed rebellion against the royal governor of Virginia, Sir William Berkeley, in 1676. Berkeley's political favoritism, economic exploitation, and India |
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| When it was formally adopted in 1662, the Half-Way Covenant provided limited membership in the Puritan church. "Half-Way" members and their children could be baptized, but were not originally allowed to take communion or |
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| Wampanoag chieftain Metacomet (called King Philip by the English) in 1675-1676 led a violent war against English Puritan settlers in the Connecticut Valley. The effort exhausted the Indians' resources and signaled the |
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| Mercantilism was a loose system of economic organization designed, through a favorable balance of trade, to guarantee the economic self-sufficiency of the British empire and the growth |
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| The Navigation Acts were passed by Parliament to implement mercantilist assumptions about trade. They were intended to regulate the flow of goods in imperial commerce in such a way as to favor England%2 |
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| The 1739 Stono Uprising in South Carolina was the most dramatic slave revolt in England's mainland colonies during the colonial period. The rebellious slaves tried to make their wa |
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| Benjamin Franklin's 1754 Albany (New York) Plan of Union proposed a confederation of the colonies under a Grand Council that would have powers to tax and provide for the common defense. It was rejected by the colonial governments and the British, but was |
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| Edwards was an American revivalist of the Great Awakening. He was both deeply pious and passionately d |
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| Franklin was a Philadelphia printer and critic of Pennsylvania's royal governors. He also expressed concern over the large number of clannish Germans who settled in the Pennsylvania backcountry. He later became an American diplomat and statesm |
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| Also known as the Great War for the Empire and the Seven Years' War, the French and Indian War (1756-63) was a showdown between England and France for control of North America. With help from the American colonists, the British won this war and eliminated France as a power |
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| Mestizos (people of mixed race) were the offspring of Spanish colonists (most of whom were males) and Indians |
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| The 1763 Peace of Paris ended the French and Indian War. Britain and Spain acquired French territories in North America, and B |
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| Pitt became Britain's war minister in 1757, during the French and Indian War. He was a brilliant strategist who poured the full resources of the British empire into defeating the French |
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| Whitefield, George Whitefield was an Anglican minister with great oratorical skills. His emotion-charged sermons were a centerpiece of the Great Awakening in the |
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